(* ----------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* HOL Light Hilbert geometry axiomatic proofs using miz3. *) (* ----------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* High school students can learn rigorous axiomatic Geometry proofs, as in http://www.math.northwestern.edu/~richter/hilbert.pdf, using Hilbert's axioms, and code up their proofs in miz3 and HOL Light. Thanks to Bjørn Jahren, Miguel Lerma,Takuo Matsuoka, Stephen Wilson for advice on Hilbert's axioms, and especially Benjamin Kordesh, who carefully read much of the paper and the code. Formal proofs are given for the first 7 sections of the paper, the results cited there from Greenberg's book, and most of Euclid's book I propositions up to Proposition I.29, following Hartshorne, whose book seems the most exciting axiomatic geometry text. A proof assistant is an valuable tool to help read it, as Hartshorne's proofs are often sketchy and even have gaps. M. Greenberg, Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries, W. H. Freeman and Co., 1974. R. Hartshorne, Geometry, Euclid and Beyond, Undergraduate Texts in Math., Springer, 2000. Thanks to Mizar folks for their influential language, Freek Wiedijk, who wrote the miz3 port of Mizar to HOL Light, and especially John Harrison, who was extremely helpful and developed the framework for porting my axiomatic proofs to HOL Light. *) verbose := false;; report_timing := false;; horizon := 0;; timeout := 50;; new_type("point",0);; new_type_abbrev("point_set",`:point->bool`);; new_constant("Between",`:point->point->point->bool`);; new_constant("Line",`:point_set->bool`);; new_constant("≡",`:(point->bool)->(point->bool)->bool`);; parse_as_infix("≅",(12, "right"));; parse_as_infix("same_side",(12, "right"));; parse_as_infix("≡",(12, "right"));; parse_as_infix("<__",(12, "right"));; parse_as_infix("<_ang",(12, "right"));; parse_as_infix("suppl",(12, "right"));; parse_as_infix("∉",(11, "right"));; parse_as_infix("∥",(12, "right"));; let ∉ = new_definition `∀a:A l:A->bool. a ∉ l ⇔ ¬(a ∈ l)`;; let Interval_DEF = new_definition `∀ A B. open (A,B) = {X | Between A X B}`;; let Collinear_DEF = new_definition `Collinear A B C ⇔ ∃ l. Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l`;; let SameSide_DEF = new_definition `A,B same_side l ⇔ Line l ∧ ¬ ∃ X. (X ∈ l) ∧ X ∈ open (A,B)`;; let Ray_DEF = new_definition `∀ A B. ray A B = {X | ¬(A = B) ∧ Collinear A B X ∧ A ∉ open (X,B)}`;; let Ordered_DEF = new_definition `ordered A B C D ⇔ B ∈ open (A,C) ∧ B ∈ open (A,D) ∧ C ∈ open (A,D) ∧ C ∈ open (B,D)`;; let InteriorAngle_DEF = new_definition `∀ A O B. int_angle A O B = {P:point | ¬Collinear A O B ∧ ∃ a b. Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ P ∉ a ∧ P ∉ b ∧ P,B same_side a ∧ P,A same_side b}`;; let InteriorTriangle_DEF = new_definition `∀ A B C. int_triangle A B C = {P | P ∈ int_angle A B C ∧ P ∈ int_angle B C A ∧ P ∈ int_angle C A B}`;; let Tetralateral_DEF = new_definition `Tetralateral A B C D ⇔ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(A = D) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(B = D) ∧ ¬(C = D) ∧ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear B C D ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ ¬Collinear D A B`;; let Quadrilateral_DEF = new_definition `Quadrilateral A B C D ⇔ Tetralateral A B C D ∧ open (A,B) ∩ open (C,D) = ∅ ∧ open (B,C) ∩ open (D,A) = ∅ `;; let ConvexQuad_DEF = new_definition `ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D ⇔ Quadrilateral A B C D ∧ A ∈ int_angle B C D ∧ B ∈ int_angle C D A ∧ C ∈ int_angle D A B ∧ D ∈ int_angle A B C `;; let Segment_DEF = new_definition `seg A B = {A, B} UNION open (A,B)`;; let SEGMENT = new_definition `Segment s ⇔ ∃ A B. s = seg A B ∧ ¬(A = B)`;; let SegmentOrdering_DEF = new_definition `s <__ t ⇔ Segment s ∧ ∃ C D X. t = seg C D ∧ X ∈ open (C,D) ∧ s ≡ seg C X`;; let Angle_DEF = new_definition ` ∡ A O B = ray O A UNION ray O B `;; let ANGLE = new_definition `Angle α ⇔ ∃ A O B. α = ∡ A O B ∧ ¬Collinear A O B`;; let AngleOrdering_DEF = new_definition `α <_ang β ⇔ Angle α ∧ ∃ A O B G. ¬Collinear A O B ∧ β = ∡ A O B ∧ G ∈ int_angle A O B ∧ α ≡ ∡ A O G`;; let RAY = new_definition `Ray r ⇔ ∃ O A. ¬(O = A) ∧ r = ray O A`;; let TriangleCong_DEF = new_definition `∀ A B C A' B' C' :point. (A, B, C) ≅ (A', B', C') ⇔ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear A' B' C' ∧ seg A B ≡ seg A' B' ∧ seg A C ≡ seg A' C' ∧ seg B C ≡ seg B' C' ∧ ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ A' B' C' ∧ ∡ B C A ≡ ∡ B' C' A' ∧ ∡ C A B ≡ ∡ C' A' B'`;; let SupplementaryAngles_DEF = new_definition `∀ α β. α suppl β ⇔ ∃ A O B A'. ¬Collinear A O B ∧ O ∈ open (A,A') ∧ α = ∡ A O B ∧ β = ∡ B O A'`;; let RightAngle_DEF = new_definition `∀ α. Right α ⇔ ∃ β. α suppl β ∧ α ≡ β`;; let PlaneComplement_DEF = new_definition `∀ α:point_set. complement α = {P | P ∉ α}`;; let CONVEX = new_definition `Convex α ⇔ ∀ A B. A ∈ α ∧ B ∈ α ⇒ open (A,B) ⊂ α`;; let PARALLEL = new_definition `∀ l k. l ∥ k ⇔ Line l ∧ Line k ∧ l ∩ k = ∅`;; let Parallelogram_DEF = new_definition `∀ A B C D. Parallelogram A B C D ⇔ Quadrilateral A B C D ∧ ∃ a b c d. Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a ∧ Line b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ C ∈ b ∧ Line c ∧ C ∈ c ∧ D ∈ d ∧ Line d ∧ D ∈ d ∧ A ∈ d ∧ a ∥ c ∧ b ∥ d`;; let InteriorCircle_DEF = new_definition `∀ O R. int_circle O R = {P | ¬(O = R) ∧ (P = O ∨ seg O P <__ seg O R)} `;; (* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Hilbert's geometry axioms, except the parallel axiom P, defined near the end. *) (* ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) let I1 = new_axiom `∀ A B. ¬(A = B) ⇒ ∃! l. Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l`;; let I2 = new_axiom `∀ l. Line l ⇒ ∃ A B. A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ ¬(A = B)`;; let I3 = new_axiom `∃ A B C. ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬Collinear A B C`;; let B1 = new_axiom `∀ A B C. Between A B C ⇒ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ Between C B A ∧ Collinear A B C`;; let B2 = new_axiom `∀ A B. ¬(A = B) ⇒ ∃ C. Between A B C`;; let B3 = new_axiom `∀ A B C. ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ Collinear A B C ⇒ (Between A B C ∨ Between B C A ∨ Between C A B) ∧ ¬(Between A B C ∧ Between B C A) ∧ ¬(Between A B C ∧ Between C A B) ∧ ¬(Between B C A ∧ Between C A B)`;; let B4 = new_axiom `∀ l A B C. Line l ∧ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ A ∉ l ∧ B ∉ l ∧ C ∉ l ∧ (∃ X. X ∈ l ∧ Between A X C) ⇒ (∃ Y. Y ∈ l ∧ Between A Y B) ∨ (∃ Y. Y ∈ l ∧ Between B Y C)`;; let C1 = new_axiom `∀ s O Z. Segment s ∧ ¬(O = Z) ⇒ ∃! P. P ∈ ray O Z ━ O ∧ seg O P ≡ s`;; let C2Reflexive = new_axiom `Segment s ⇒ s ≡ s`;; let C2Symmetric = new_axiom `Segment s ∧ Segment t ∧ s ≡ t ⇒ t ≡ s`;; let C2Transitive = new_axiom `Segment s ∧ Segment t ∧ Segment u ∧ s ≡ t ∧ t ≡ u ⇒ s ≡ u`;; let C3 = new_axiom `∀ A B C A' B' C'. B ∈ open (A,C) ∧ B' ∈ open (A',C') ∧ seg A B ≡ seg A' B' ∧ seg B C ≡ seg B' C' ⇒ seg A C ≡ seg A' C'`;; let C4 = new_axiom `∀ α O A l Y. Angle α ∧ ¬(O = A) ∧ Line l ∧ O ∈ l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ Y ∉ l ⇒ ∃! r. Ray r ∧ ∃ B. ¬(O = B) ∧ r = ray O B ∧ B ∉ l ∧ B,Y same_side l ∧ ∡ A O B ≡ α`;; let C5Reflexive = new_axiom `Angle α ⇒ α ≡ α`;; let C5Symmetric = new_axiom `Angle α ∧ Angle β ∧ α ≡ β ⇒ β ≡ α`;; let C5Transitive = new_axiom `Angle α ∧ Angle β ∧ Angle γ ∧ α ≡ β ∧ β ≡ γ ⇒ α ≡ γ`;; let C6 = new_axiom `∀ A B C A' B' C'. ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear A' B' C' ∧ seg B A ≡ seg B' A' ∧ seg B C ≡ seg B' C' ∧ ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ A' B' C' ⇒ ∡ B C A ≡ ∡ B' C' A'`;; (* ----------------------------------------------------------------- *) (* Theorems. *) (* ----------------------------------------------------------------- *) let IN_Interval = thm `; ∀ A B X. X ∈ open (A,B) ⇔ Between A X B by Interval_DEF, SET_RULE; `;; let IN_Ray = thm `; ∀ A B X. X ∈ ray A B ⇔ ¬(A = B) ∧ Collinear A B X ∧ A ∉ open (X,B) by Ray_DEF, SET_RULE; `;; let IN_InteriorAngle = thm `; ∀ A O B P. P ∈ int_angle A O B ⇔ ¬Collinear A O B ∧ ∃ a b. Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ P ∉ a ∧ P ∉ b ∧ P,B same_side a ∧ P,A same_side b by InteriorAngle_DEF, SET_RULE; `;; let IN_InteriorTriangle = thm `; ∀ A B C P. P ∈ int_triangle A B C ⇔ P ∈ int_angle A B C ∧ P ∈ int_angle B C A ∧ P ∈ int_angle C A B by InteriorTriangle_DEF, SET_RULE; `;; let IN_PlaneComplement = thm `; ∀ α:point_set. ∀ P. P ∈ complement α ⇔ P ∉ α by PlaneComplement_DEF, SET_RULE; `;; let IN_InteriorCircle = thm `; ∀ O R P. P ∈ int_circle O R ⇔ ¬(O = R) ∧ (P = O ∨ seg O P <__ seg O R) by InteriorCircle_DEF, SET_RULE; `;; let B1' = thm `; ∀ A B C. B ∈ open (A,C) ⇒ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ B ∈ open (C,A) ∧ Collinear A B C by IN_Interval, B1; `;; let B2' = thm `; ∀ A B. ¬(A = B) ⇒ ∃ C. B ∈ open (A,C) by IN_Interval, B2; `;; let B3' = thm `; ∀ A B C. ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ Collinear A B C ⇒ (B ∈ open (A,C) ∨ C ∈ open (B,A) ∨ A ∈ open (C,B)) ∧ ¬(B ∈ open (A,C) ∧ C ∈ open (B,A)) ∧ ¬(B ∈ open (A,C) ∧ A ∈ open (C,B)) ∧ ¬(C ∈ open (B,A) ∧ A ∈ open (C,B)) by IN_Interval, B3; `;; let B4' = thm `; ∀ l A B C. Line l ∧ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ A ∉ l ∧ B ∉ l ∧ C ∉ l ∧ (∃ X. X ∈ l ∧ X ∈ open (A,C)) ⇒ (∃ Y. Y ∈ l ∧ Y ∈ open (A,B)) ∨ (∃ Y. Y ∈ l ∧ Y ∈ open (B,C)) by IN_Interval, B4; `;; let B4'' = thm `; ∀ l:point_set. ∀ A B C:point. Line l ∧ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ A ∉ l ∧ B ∉ l ∧ C ∉ l ∧ A,B same_side l ∧ B,C same_side l ⇒ A,C same_side l by B4', SameSide_DEF; `;; let DisjointOneNotOther = thm `; ∀ l m:A->bool. (∀ x:A. x ∈ m ⇒ x ∉ l) ⇔ l ∩ m = ∅ by SET_RULE, ∉; `;; let EquivIntersectionHelp = thm `; ∀ e x:A. ∀ l m:A->bool. (l ∩ m = {x} ∨ m ∩ l = {x}) ∧ e ∈ m ━ x ⇒ e ∉ l by SET_RULE, ∉; `;; let CollinearSymmetry = thm `; let A B C be point; assume Collinear A B C [H1]; thus Collinear A C B ∧ Collinear B A C ∧ Collinear B C A ∧ Collinear C A B ∧ Collinear C B A proof consider l such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l by H1, Collinear_DEF; qed by -, Collinear_DEF; `;; let ExistsNewPointOnLine = thm `; let P be point; let l be point_set; assume Line l ∧ P ∈ l [H1]; thus ∃ Q. Q ∈ l ∧ ¬(P = Q) proof consider A B such that A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ ¬(A = B) [l_line] by H1, I2; cases; suppose P = A; qed by -, l_line; suppose ¬(P = A); qed by -, l_line; end; `;; let ExistsPointOffLine = thm `; let l be point_set; assume Line l [H1]; thus ∃ Q:point. Q ∉ l proof consider A B C such that ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬Collinear A B C [Distinct] by I3; (A ∉ l ∨ B ∉ l ∨ C ∉ l) ∨ (A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l) by ∉; cases by -; suppose A ∉ l ∨ B ∉ l ∨ C ∉ l; qed by -; suppose (A ∈ l) ∧ (B ∈ l) ∧ (C ∈ l); Collinear A B C by H1, -, Collinear_DEF; qed by -, Distinct; end; `;; let BetweenLinear = thm `; let A B C be point; let m be point_set; assume Line m ∧ A ∈ m ∧ C ∈ m [H1]; assume B ∈ open (A,C) ∨ C ∈ open (B,A) ∨ A ∈ open (C,B) [H2]; thus B ∈ m proof ¬(A = C) ∧ (Collinear A B C ∨ Collinear B C A ∨ Collinear C A B) [X1] by H2, B1'; consider l such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l [X2] by -, Collinear_DEF; l = m by X1, -, H2, H1, I1; qed by -, X2; `;; let CollinearLinear = thm `; let A B C be point; let m be point_set; assume Line m ∧ A ∈ m ∧ C ∈ m [H1]; assume Collinear A B C ∨ Collinear B C A ∨ Collinear C A B [H2]; assume ¬(A = C) [H3]; thus B ∈ m proof consider l such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l [X1] by H2, Collinear_DEF; l = m by H3, -, H1, I1; qed by -, X1; `;; let NonCollinearImpliesDistinct = thm `; let A B C be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; thus ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) proof cases; suppose A = B ∧ B = C [Case1]; consider Q such that ¬(Q = A) by I3; qed by -, I1, Case1, Collinear_DEF, H1; suppose (A = B ∧ ¬(A = C)) ∨ (A = C ∧ ¬(A = B)) ∨ (B = C ∧ ¬(A = B)); qed by -, I1, Collinear_DEF, H1; suppose ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C); qed by -; end; `;; let Reverse4Order = thm `; ∀ A B C D:point. ordered A B C D ⇒ ordered D C B A by Ordered_DEF, B1'; `;; let OriginInRay = thm `; let O Q be point; assume ¬(Q = O) [H1]; thus O ∈ ray O Q proof O ∉ open (O,Q) [OOQ] by B1', ∉; Collinear O Q O by H1, I1, Collinear_DEF; qed by H1, -, OOQ, IN_Ray; `;; let EndpointInRay = thm `; let O Q be point; assume ¬(Q = O) [H1]; thus Q ∈ ray O Q proof O ∉ open (Q,Q) [notOQQ] by B1', ∉; Collinear O Q Q by H1, I1, Collinear_DEF; qed by H1, -, notOQQ, IN_Ray; `;; let I1Uniqueness = thm `; let X be point; let l m be point_set; assume Line l ∧ Line m [H0]; assume ¬(l = m) [H1]; assume X ∈ l ∧ X ∈ m [H2]; thus l ∩ m = {X} proof assume ¬(l ∩ m = {X}) [H3]; X ∈ l ∩ m by H2, IN_INTER; consider A such that A ∈ l ∩ m ∧ ¬(A = X) [X1] by -, H3, SET_RULE; A ∈ l ∧ X ∈ l ∧ A ∈ m ∧ X ∈ m by H0, -, H2, IN_INTER; l = m by H0, -, X1, I1; qed by -, H1; `;; let EquivIntersection = thm `; let A B X be point; let l m be point_set; assume Line l ∧ Line m [H0]; assume l ∩ m = {X} [H1]; assume A ∈ m ━ X ∧ B ∈ m ━ X [H2]; assume X ∉ open (A,B) [H3]; thus A,B same_side l proof assume ¬(A,B same_side l) [Con]; A ∈ m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ ¬(A = X) ∧ ¬(B = X) [H2'] by H2, IN_DELETE; ¬(open (A,B) ∩ l = ∅) [nonempty] by H0, Con, SameSide_DEF, SET_RULE; open (A,B) ⊂ m [ABm] by H0, H2', BetweenLinear, SUBSET; open (A,B) ∩ l ⊂ {X} by -, SET_RULE, H1; X ∈ open (A,B) ∩ l by nonempty, -, SET_RULE; qed by -, IN_INTER, H3, ∉; `;; let RayLine = thm `; ∀ O P:point. ∀ l: point_set. Line l ∧ O ∈ l ∧ P ∈ l ⇒ ray O P ⊂ l by IN_Ray, CollinearLinear, SUBSET; `;; let RaySameSide = thm `; let l be point_set; let O A P be point; assume Line l ∧ O ∈ l [l_line]; assume A ∉ l [notAl]; assume P ∈ ray O A ━ O [PrOA]; thus P ∉ l ∧ P,A same_side l proof ¬(O = A) [notOA] by l_line, notAl, ∉; consider d such that Line d ∧ O ∈ d ∧ A ∈ d [d_line] by notOA, I1; ¬(l = d) by -, notAl, ∉; l ∩ d = {O} [ldO] by l_line, d_line, -, I1Uniqueness; A ∈ d ━ O [Ad_O] by d_line, notOA, IN_DELETE; ray O A ⊂ d by d_line, RayLine; P ∈ d ━ O [Pd_O] by PrOA, -, SUBSET, IN_DELETE; P ∉ l [notPl] by ldO, -, EquivIntersectionHelp; O ∉ open (P,A) by PrOA, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; P,A same_side l by l_line, d_line, ldO, Ad_O, Pd_O, -, EquivIntersection; qed by notPl, -; `;; let IntervalRayEZ = thm `; let A B C be point; assume B ∈ open (A,C) [H1]; thus B ∈ ray A C ━ A ∧ C ∈ ray A B ━ A proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ Collinear A B C [ABC] by H1, B1'; A ∉ open (B,C) ∧ A ∉ open (C,B) by -, H1, B3', B1', ∉; qed by ABC, CollinearSymmetry, -, IN_Ray, IN_DELETE, ∉; `;; let NoncollinearityExtendsToLine = thm `; let A O B X be point; assume ¬Collinear A O B [H1]; assume Collinear O B X ∧ ¬(X = O) [H2]; thus ¬Collinear A O X proof ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(O = B) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider b such that Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b [b_line] by Distinct, I1; A ∉ b [notAb] by b_line, Collinear_DEF, H1, ∉; X ∈ b by H2, b_line, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF; qed by b_line, -, H2, I1, Collinear_DEF, notAb, ∉; `;; let SameSideReflexive = thm `; ∀ l A. Line l ∧ A ∉ l ⇒ A,A same_side l by B1', SameSide_DEF; `;; let SameSideSymmetric = thm `; ∀ l A B. Line l ∧ A ∉ l ∧ B ∉ l ⇒ A,B same_side l ⇒ B,A same_side l by SameSide_DEF, B1'; `;; let SameSideTransitive = thm `; let l be point_set; let A B C be point; assume Line l [l_line]; assume A ∉ l ∧ B ∉ l ∧ C ∉ l [notABCl]; assume A,B same_side l [Asim_lB]; assume B,C same_side l [Bsim_lC]; thus A,C same_side l proof cases; suppose ¬Collinear A B C ∨ A = B ∨ A = C ∨ B = C; qed by l_line, -, notABCl, Asim_lB, Bsim_lC, B4'', SameSideReflexive; suppose Collinear A B C ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) [Distinct]; consider m such that Line m ∧ A ∈ m ∧ C ∈ m [m_line] by Distinct, I1; B ∈ m [Bm] by -, Distinct, CollinearLinear; cases; suppose m ∩ l = ∅; qed by m_line, l_line, -, BetweenLinear, SET_RULE, SameSide_DEF; suppose ¬(m ∩ l = ∅); consider X such that X ∈ l ∧ X ∈ m [Xlm] by -, MEMBER_NOT_EMPTY, IN_INTER; Collinear A X B ∧ Collinear B A C ∧ Collinear A B C [ABXcol] by m_line, Bm, -, Collinear_DEF; consider E such that E ∈ l ∧ ¬(E = X) [El_X] by l_line, Xlm, ExistsNewPointOnLine; ¬Collinear E A X [EAXncol] by l_line, El_X, Xlm, I1, Collinear_DEF, notABCl, ∉; consider B' such that ¬(B = E) ∧ B ∈ open (E,B') [EBB'] by notABCl, El_X, ∉, B2'; ¬(B' = E) ∧ ¬(B' = B) ∧ Collinear B E B' [EBB'col] by -, B1', CollinearSymmetry; ¬Collinear A B B' ∧ ¬Collinear B' B A ∧ ¬Collinear B' A B [ABB'ncol] by EAXncol, ABXcol, Distinct, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine, CollinearSymmetry, -; ¬Collinear B' B C ∧ ¬Collinear B' A C ∧ ¬Collinear A B' C [AB'Cncol] by ABB'ncol, ABXcol, Distinct, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine, CollinearSymmetry; B' ∈ ray E B ━ E ∧ B ∈ ray E B' ━ E by EBB', IntervalRayEZ; B' ∉ l ∧ B',B same_side l ∧ B,B' same_side l [notB'l] by l_line, El_X, notABCl, -, RaySameSide; A,B' same_side l ∧ B',C same_side l by l_line, ABB'ncol, notABCl, notB'l, Asim_lB, -, B4'', AB'Cncol, Bsim_lC; qed by l_line, AB'Cncol, notABCl, notB'l, -, B4''; end; end; `;; let ConverseCrossbar = thm `; let O A B G be point; assume ¬Collinear A O B [H1]; assume G ∈ open (A,B) [H2]; thus G ∈ int_angle A O B proof ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(O = B) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider a such that Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a [a_line] by -, I1; consider b such that Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b [b_line] by Distinct, I1; consider l such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l [l_line] by Distinct, I1; B ∉ a ∧ A ∉ b by H1, a_line, Collinear_DEF, ∉, b_line; ¬(a = l) ∧ ¬(b = l) by -, l_line, ∉; a ∩ l = {A} ∧ b ∩ l = {B} [alA] by -, a_line, l_line, I1Uniqueness, b_line; ¬(A = G) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(G = B) [AGB] by H2, B1'; A ∉ open (G,B) ∧ B ∉ open (G,A) [notGAB] by H2, B3', B1', ∉; G ∈ l [Gl] by l_line, H2, BetweenLinear; G ∉ a ∧ G ∉ b [notGa] by alA, Gl, AGB, IN_DELETE, EquivIntersectionHelp; G ∈ l ━ A ∧ B ∈ l ━ A ∧ G ∈ l ━ B ∧ A ∈ l ━ B by Gl, l_line, AGB, IN_DELETE; G,B same_side a ∧ G,A same_side b by a_line, l_line, alA, -, notGAB, EquivIntersection, b_line; qed by H1, a_line, b_line, notGa, -, IN_InteriorAngle; `;; let InteriorUse = thm `; let A O B P be point; let a b be point_set; assume Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b [aOAbOB]; assume P ∈ int_angle A O B [P_AOB]; thus P ∉ a ∧ P ∉ b ∧ P,B same_side a ∧ P,A same_side b proof consider α β such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ Line α ∧ O ∈ α ∧ A ∈ α ∧ Line β ∧ O ∈ β ∧B ∈ β ∧ P ∉ α ∧ P ∉ β ∧ P,B same_side α ∧ P,A same_side β [exists] by P_AOB, IN_InteriorAngle; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(O = B) [Distinct] by -, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; α = a ∧ β = b by -, aOAbOB, exists, I1; qed by -, exists; `;; let InteriorEZHelp = thm `; let A O B P be point; assume P ∈ int_angle A O B [P_AOB]; thus ¬(P = A) ∧ ¬(P = O) ∧ ¬(P = B) ∧ ¬Collinear A O P proof consider a b such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧B ∈ b ∧ P ∉ a ∧ P ∉ b [def_int] by P_AOB, IN_InteriorAngle; ¬(P = A) ∧ ¬(P = O) ∧ ¬(P = B) [PnotAOB] by -, ∉; ¬(A = O) [notAO] by def_int, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; ¬Collinear A O P by def_int, notAO, -, I1, Collinear_DEF, ∉; qed by PnotAOB, -; `;; let InteriorAngleSymmetry = thm `; ∀ A O B P: point. P ∈ int_angle A O B ⇒ P ∈ int_angle B O A by IN_InteriorAngle, CollinearSymmetry; `;; let InteriorWellDefined = thm `; let A O B X P be point; assume P ∈ int_angle A O B [H1]; assume X ∈ ray O B ━ O [H2]; thus P ∈ int_angle A O X proof consider a b such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ P ∉ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ P ∉ b ∧ P,B same_side a ∧ P,A same_side b [def_int] by H1, IN_InteriorAngle; ¬(X = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) ∧ Collinear O B X [H2'] by H2, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; B ∉ a [notBa] by def_int, Collinear_DEF, ∉; ¬Collinear A O X [AOXnoncol] by def_int, H2', NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; X ∈ b [Xb] by def_int, H2', CollinearLinear; X ∉ a ∧ B,X same_side a by def_int, notBa, H2, RaySameSide, SameSideSymmetric; P,X same_side a by def_int, -, notBa, SameSideTransitive; qed by AOXnoncol, def_int, Xb, -, IN_InteriorAngle; `;; let WholeRayInterior = thm `; let A O B X P be point; assume X ∈ int_angle A O B [XintAOB]; assume P ∈ ray O X ━ O [PrOX]; thus P ∈ int_angle A O B proof consider a b such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ X ∉ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ X ∉ b ∧ X,B same_side a ∧ X,A same_side b [def_int] by XintAOB, IN_InteriorAngle; P ∉ a ∧ P,X same_side a ∧ P ∉ b ∧ P,X same_side b [Psim_abX] by def_int, PrOX, RaySameSide; P,B same_side a ∧ P,A same_side b by -, def_int, Collinear_DEF, SameSideTransitive, ∉; qed by def_int, Psim_abX, -, IN_InteriorAngle; `;; let AngleOrdering = thm `; let O A P Q be point; let a be point_set; assume ¬(O = A) [H1]; assume Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a [H2]; assume P ∉ a ∧ Q ∉ a [H3]; assume P, Q same_side a [H4]; assume ¬Collinear P O Q [H5]; thus P ∈ int_angle Q O A ∨ Q ∈ int_angle P O A proof ¬(P = O) ∧ ¬(P = Q) ∧ ¬(O = Q) [Distinct] by H5, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider q such that Line q ∧ O ∈ q ∧ Q ∈ q [q_line] by Distinct, I1; P ∉ q [notPq] by -, Collinear_DEF, H5, ∉; assume ¬(P ∈ int_angle Q O A) [notPintQOA]; ¬Collinear Q O A ∧ ¬Collinear P O A [POAncol] by H1, H2, I1, Collinear_DEF, H3, ∉; ¬(P,A same_side q) by -, H2, q_line, H3, notPq, H4, notPintQOA, IN_InteriorAngle; consider G such that G ∈ q ∧ G ∈ open (P,A) [existG] by q_line, -, SameSide_DEF; G ∈ int_angle P O A [G_POA] by POAncol, existG, ConverseCrossbar; G ∉ a ∧ G,P same_side a ∧ ¬(G = O) [Gsim_aP] by -, IN_InteriorAngle, H1, H2, I1, ∉; G,Q same_side a by H2, Gsim_aP, H3, H4, SameSideTransitive; O ∉ open (Q,G) [notQOG] by -, SameSide_DEF, H2, B1', ∉; Collinear O G Q by q_line, existG, Collinear_DEF; Q ∈ ray O G ━ O by Gsim_aP, -, notQOG, IN_Ray, Distinct, IN_DELETE; qed by G_POA, -, WholeRayInterior; `;; let InteriorsDisjointSupplement = thm `; let A O B A' be point; assume ¬Collinear A O B [H1]; assume O ∈ open (A,A') [H2]; thus int_angle B O A' ∩ int_angle A O B = ∅ proof ∀ D. D ∈ int_angle A O B ⇒ D ∉ int_angle B O A' proof let D be point; assume D ∈ int_angle A O B [H3]; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider a b such that Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ A' ∈ a [ab_line] by -, I1, H2, BetweenLinear; ¬Collinear B O A' by H1, CollinearSymmetry, H2, B1', NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; A ∉ b ∧ A' ∉ b [notAb] by ab_line, Collinear_DEF, H1, -, ∉; ¬(A',A same_side b) [A'nsim_bA] by ab_line, H2, B1', SameSide_DEF ; D ∉ b ∧ D,A same_side b [DintAOB] by ab_line, H3, InteriorUse; ¬(D,A' same_side b) by ab_line, notAb, DintAOB, A'nsim_bA, SameSideSymmetric, SameSideTransitive; qed by ab_line, -, InteriorUse, ∉; qed by -, DisjointOneNotOther; `;; let InteriorReflectionInterior = thm `; let A O B D A' be point; assume O ∈ open (A,A') [H1]; assume D ∈ int_angle A O B [H2]; thus B ∈ int_angle D O A' proof consider a b such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ D ∉ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ D ∉ b ∧ D,B same_side a [DintAOB] by H2, IN_InteriorAngle; ¬(O = B) ∧ ¬(O = A') ∧ B ∉ a [Distinct] by -, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, H1, B1', Collinear_DEF, ∉; ¬Collinear D O B [DOB_ncol] by DintAOB, -, I1, Collinear_DEF, ∉; A' ∈ a [A'a] by H1, DintAOB, BetweenLinear; D ∉ int_angle B O A' by DintAOB, H1, InteriorsDisjointSupplement, H2, DisjointOneNotOther; qed by Distinct, DintAOB, A'a, DOB_ncol, -, AngleOrdering, ∉; `;; let Crossbar_THM = thm `; let O A B D be point; assume D ∈ int_angle A O B [H1]; thus ∃ G. G ∈ open (A,B) ∧ G ∈ ray O D ━ O proof consider a b such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ D ∉ a ∧ D ∉ b ∧ D,B same_side a ∧ D,A same_side b [DintAOB] by H1, IN_InteriorAngle; B ∉ a [notBa] by DintAOB, Collinear_DEF, ∉; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(O = B) ∧ ¬(D = O) [Distinct] by DintAOB, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, ∉; consider l such that Line l ∧ O ∈ l ∧ D ∈ l [l_line] by -, I1; consider A' such that O ∈ open (A,A') [AOA'] by Distinct, B2'; A' ∈ a ∧ Collinear A O A' ∧ ¬(A' = O) [A'a] by DintAOB, -, BetweenLinear, B1'; ¬(A,A' same_side l) [Ansim_lA'] by l_line, AOA', SameSide_DEF; B ∈ int_angle D O A' by H1, AOA', InteriorReflectionInterior; B,A' same_side l [Bsim_lA'] by l_line, DintAOB, A'a, -, InteriorUse; ¬Collinear A O D ∧ ¬Collinear B O D [AODncol] by H1, InteriorEZHelp, InteriorAngleSymmetry; ¬Collinear D O A' by -, CollinearSymmetry, A'a, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; A ∉ l ∧ B ∉ l ∧ A' ∉ l by l_line, Collinear_DEF, AODncol, -, ∉; ¬(A,B same_side l) by l_line, -, Bsim_lA', Ansim_lA', SameSideTransitive; consider G such that G ∈ open (A,B) ∧ G ∈ l [AGB] by l_line, -, SameSide_DEF; Collinear O D G [ODGcol] by -, l_line, Collinear_DEF; G ∈ int_angle A O B by DintAOB, AGB, ConverseCrossbar; G ∉ a ∧ G,B same_side a ∧ ¬(G = O) [Gsim_aB] by DintAOB, -, InteriorUse, ∉; B,D same_side a by DintAOB, notBa, SameSideSymmetric; G,D same_side a [Gsim_aD] by DintAOB, Gsim_aB, notBa, -, SameSideTransitive; O ∉ open (G,D) by DintAOB, -, SameSide_DEF, ∉; G ∈ ray O D ━ O by Distinct, ODGcol, -, IN_Ray, Gsim_aB, IN_DELETE; qed by AGB, -; `;; let AlternateConverseCrossbar = thm `; let O A B G be point; assume Collinear A G B ∧ G ∈ int_angle A O B [H1]; thus G ∈ open (A,B) proof consider a b such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ G,B same_side a ∧ G,A same_side b [GintAOB] by H1, IN_InteriorAngle; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(G = A) ∧ ¬(G = B) ∧ A ∉ open (G,B) ∧ B ∉ open (G,A) by -, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, H1, InteriorEZHelp, SameSide_DEF, ∉; qed by -, H1, B1', B3', ∉; `;; let InteriorOpposite = thm `; let A O B P be point; let p be point_set; assume P ∈ int_angle A O B [PintAOB]; assume Line p ∧ O ∈ p ∧ P ∈ p [p_line]; thus ¬(A,B same_side p) proof consider G such that G ∈ open (A,B) ∧ G ∈ ray O P [Gexists] by PintAOB, Crossbar_THM, IN_DELETE; G ∈ p by p_line, RayLine, -, SUBSET; qed by p_line, -, Gexists, SameSide_DEF; `;; let IntervalTransitivity = thm `; let O P Q R be point; let m be point_set; assume Line m ∧ O ∈ m [H0]; assume P ∈ m ━ O ∧ Q ∈ m ━ O ∧ R ∈ m ━ O [H2]; assume O ∉ open (P,Q) ∧ O ∉ open (Q,R) [H3]; thus O ∉ open (P,R) proof consider E such that E ∉ m ∧ ¬(O = E) [notEm] by H0, ExistsPointOffLine, ∉; consider l such that Line l ∧ O ∈ l ∧ E ∈ l [l_line] by -, I1; ¬(m = l) by notEm, -, ∉; l ∩ m = {O} [lmO] by l_line, H0, -, l_line, I1Uniqueness; P ∉ l ∧ Q ∉ l ∧ R ∉ l [notPQRl] by -, H2, EquivIntersectionHelp; P,Q same_side l ∧ Q,R same_side l by l_line, H0, lmO, H2, H3, EquivIntersection; P,R same_side l [Psim_lR] by l_line, notPQRl, -, SameSideTransitive; qed by l_line, -, SameSide_DEF, ∉; `;; let RayWellDefinedHalfway = thm `; let O P Q be point; assume ¬(Q = O) [H1]; assume P ∈ ray O Q ━ O [H2]; thus ray O P ⊂ ray O Q proof consider m such that Line m ∧ O ∈ m ∧ Q ∈ m [OQm] by H1, I1; P ∈ ray O Q ∧ ¬(P = O) ∧ O ∉ open (P,Q) [H2'] by H2, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; P ∈ m ∧ P ∈ m ━ O ∧ Q ∈ m ━ O [PQm_O] by OQm, H2', RayLine, SUBSET, H2', OQm, H1, IN_DELETE; O ∉ open (P,Q) [notPOQ] by H2', IN_Ray; ∀ X. X ∈ ray O P ⇒ X ∈ ray O Q proof let X be point; assume X ∈ ray O P; X ∈ m ∧ O ∉ open (X,P) [XrOP] by OQm, PQm_O, H2', -, RayLine, SUBSET, IN_Ray; Collinear O Q X [OQXcol] by OQm, -, Collinear_DEF; cases; suppose X = O; qed by H1, -, OriginInRay; suppose ¬(X = O); X ∈ m ━ O by XrOP, -, IN_DELETE; O ∉ open (X,Q) by OQm, -, PQm_O, XrOP, H2', IntervalTransitivity; qed by H1, OQXcol, -, IN_Ray; end; qed by -, SUBSET; `;; let RayWellDefined = thm `; let O P Q be point; assume ¬(Q = O) [H1]; assume P ∈ ray O Q ━ O [H2]; thus ray O P = ray O Q proof ray O P ⊂ ray O Q [PsubsetQ] by H1, H2, RayWellDefinedHalfway; ¬(P = O) ∧ Collinear O Q P ∧ O ∉ open (P,Q) [H2'] by H2, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; Q ∈ ray O P ━ O by H2', B1', ∉, CollinearSymmetry, IN_Ray, H1, IN_DELETE; ray O Q ⊂ ray O P [QsubsetP] by H2', -, RayWellDefinedHalfway; qed by PsubsetQ, QsubsetP, SUBSET_ANTISYM; `;; let OppositeRaysIntersect1pointHelp = thm `; let A O B X be point; assume O ∈ open (A,B) [H1]; assume X ∈ ray O B ━ O [H2]; thus X ∉ ray O A ∧ O ∈ open (X,A) proof ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(O = B) ∧ Collinear A O B [AOB] by H1, B1'; ¬(X = O) ∧ Collinear O B X ∧ O ∉ open (X,B) [H2'] by H2, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; consider m such that Line m ∧ A ∈ m ∧ B ∈ m [m_line] by AOB, I1; O ∈ m ∧ X ∈ m [Om] by m_line, H2', AOB, CollinearLinear; A ∈ m ━ O ∧ X ∈ m ━ O ∧ B ∈ m ━ O by m_line, -, H2', AOB, IN_DELETE; O ∈ open (X,A) by H1, m_line, Om, -, H2', IntervalTransitivity, ∉, B1'; qed by -, IN_Ray, ∉; `;; let OppositeRaysIntersect1point = thm `; let A O B be point; assume O ∈ open (A,B) [H1]; thus ray O A ∩ ray O B = {O} proof ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) by H1, B1'; {O} ⊂ ray O A ∩ ray O B [Osubset_rOA] by -, OriginInRay, IN_INTER, SING_SUBSET; ∀ X. ¬(X = O) ∧ X ∈ ray O B ⇒ X ∉ ray O A by IN_DELETE, H1, OppositeRaysIntersect1pointHelp; ray O A ∩ ray O B ⊂ {O} by -, IN_INTER, IN_SING, SUBSET, ∉; qed by -, Osubset_rOA, SUBSET_ANTISYM; `;; let IntervalRay = thm `; ∀ A B C:point. B ∈ open (A,C) ⇒ ray A B = ray A C by B1', IntervalRayEZ, RayWellDefined; `;; let TransitivityBetweennessHelp = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume B ∈ open (A,C) ∧ C ∈ open (B,D) [H1]; thus B ∈ open (A,D) proof D ∈ ray B C ━ B by H1, IntervalRayEZ; qed by H1, -, OppositeRaysIntersect1pointHelp, B1'; `;; let TransitivityBetweenness = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume B ∈ open (A,C) ∧ C ∈ open (B,D) [H1]; thus ordered A B C D proof B ∈ open (A,D) [ABD] by H1, TransitivityBetweennessHelp; C ∈ open (D,B) ∧ B ∈ open (C,A) by H1, B1'; C ∈ open (D,A) by -, TransitivityBetweennessHelp; qed by H1, ABD, -, B1', Ordered_DEF; `;; let IntervalsAreConvex = thm `; let A B C be point; assume B ∈ open (A,C) [H1]; thus open (A,B) ⊂ open (A,C) proof ∀ X. X ∈ open (A,B) ⇒ X ∈ open (A,C) proof let X be point; assume X ∈ open (A,B) [AXB]; X ∈ ray B A ━ B by AXB, B1', IntervalRayEZ; B ∈ open (X,C) by H1, B1', -, OppositeRaysIntersect1pointHelp; qed by AXB, -, TransitivityBetweennessHelp; qed by -, SUBSET; `;; let TransitivityBetweennessVariant = thm `; let A X B C be point; assume X ∈ open (A,B) ∧ B ∈ open (A,C) [H1]; thus ordered A X B C proof X ∈ ray B A ━ B by H1, B1', IntervalRayEZ; B ∈ open (X,C) by H1, B1', -, OppositeRaysIntersect1pointHelp; qed by H1, -, TransitivityBetweenness; `;; let Interval2sides2aLineHelp = thm `; let A B C X be point; assume B ∈ open (A,C) [H1]; thus X ∉ open (A,B) ∨ X ∉ open (B,C) proof assume ¬(X ∉ open (A,B)); ordered A X B C by -, ∉, H1, TransitivityBetweennessVariant; B ∈ open (X,C) by -, Ordered_DEF; X ∉ open (C,B) by -, B1', B3', ∉; qed by -, B1', ∉; `;; let Interval2sides2aLine = thm `; let A B C X be point; assume Collinear A B C [H1]; thus X ∉ open (A,B) ∨ X ∉ open (A,C) ∨ X ∉ open (B,C) proof cases; suppose A = B ∨ A = C ∨ B = C; qed by -, B1', ∉; suppose ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C); B ∈ open (A,C) ∨ C ∈ open (B,A) ∨ A ∈ open (C,B) by -, H1, B3'; qed by -, Interval2sides2aLineHelp, B1', ∉; end; `;; let TwosidesTriangle2aLine = thm `; let A B C Y be point; let l m be point_set; assume Line l ∧ ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; assume A ∉ l ∧ B ∉ l ∧ C ∉ l [off_l]; assume Line m ∧ A ∈ m ∧ C ∈ m [m_line]; assume Y ∈ l ∧ Y ∈ m [Ylm]; assume ¬(A,B same_side l) ∧ ¬(B,C same_side l) [H2]; thus A,C same_side l proof consider X Z such that X ∈ l ∧ X ∈ open (A,B) ∧ Z ∈ l ∧ Z ∈ open (C,B) [H2'] by H1, H2, SameSide_DEF, B1'; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ Y ∈ m ━ A ∧ Y ∈ m ━ C ∧ C ∈ m ━ A ∧ A ∈ m ━ C [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, Ylm, off_l, ∉, m_line, IN_DELETE; consider p such that Line p ∧ B ∈ p ∧ A ∈ p [p_line] by Distinct, I1; consider q such that Line q ∧ B ∈ q ∧ C ∈ q [q_line] by Distinct, I1; X ∈ p ∧ Z ∈ q [Xp] by p_line, H2', BetweenLinear, q_line, H2'; A ∉ q ∧ B ∉ m ∧ C ∉ p [vertex_off_line] by q_line, m_line, p_line, H1, Collinear_DEF, ∉; X ∉ q ∧ X,A same_side q ∧ Z ∉ p ∧ Z,C same_side p [Xsim_qA] by q_line, p_line, -, H2', B1', IntervalRayEZ, RaySameSide; ¬(m = p) ∧ ¬(m = q) by m_line, vertex_off_line, ∉; p ∩ m = {A} ∧ q ∩ m = {C} [pmA] by p_line, m_line, q_line, H1, -, Xp, H2', I1Uniqueness; Y ∉ p ∧ Y ∉ q [notYpq] by -, Distinct, EquivIntersectionHelp; X ∈ ray A B ━ A ∧ Z ∈ ray C B ━ C by H2', IntervalRayEZ, H2', B1'; X ∉ m ∧ Z ∉ m ∧ X,B same_side m ∧ B,Z same_side m [notXZm] by m_line, vertex_off_line, -, RaySameSide, SameSideSymmetric; X,Z same_side m by m_line, -, vertex_off_line, SameSideTransitive; Collinear X Y Z ∧ Y ∉ open (X,Z) ∧ ¬(Y = X) ∧ ¬(Y = Z) ∧ ¬(X = Z) by H1, H2', Ylm, Collinear_DEF, m_line, -, SameSide_DEF, notXZm, Xsim_qA, Xp, ∉; Z ∈ open (X,Y) ∨ X ∈ open (Z,Y) by -, B3', ∉, B1'; cases by -; suppose X ∈ open (Z,Y); ¬(Z,Y same_side p) by p_line, Xp, -, SameSide_DEF; ¬(C,Y same_side p) by p_line, Xsim_qA, vertex_off_line, notYpq, -, SameSideTransitive; A ∈ open (C,Y) by p_line, m_line, pmA, Distinct, -, EquivIntersection, ∉; qed by H1, Ylm, off_l, -, B1', IntervalRayEZ, RaySameSide; suppose Z ∈ open (X,Y); ¬(X,Y same_side q) by q_line, Xp, -, SameSide_DEF; ¬(A,Y same_side q) by q_line, Xsim_qA, vertex_off_line, notYpq, -, SameSideTransitive; C ∈ open (Y,A) by q_line, m_line, pmA, Distinct, -, EquivIntersection, ∉, B1'; qed by H1, Ylm, off_l, -, IntervalRayEZ, RaySameSide; end; `;; let LineUnionOf2Rays = thm `; let A O B be point; let l be point_set; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l [H1]; assume O ∈ open (A,B) [H2]; thus l = ray O A ∪ ray O B proof ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) ∧ O ∈ l [Distinct] by H2, B1', H1, BetweenLinear; ray O A ∪ ray O B ⊂ l [AOBsub_l] by H1, -, RayLine, UNION_SUBSET; ∀ X. X ∈ l ⇒ X ∈ ray O A ∨ X ∈ ray O B proof let X be point; assume X ∈ l [Xl]; assume ¬(X ∈ ray O B) [notXrOB]; Collinear O B X ∧ Collinear X A B ∧ Collinear O A X [XABcol] by Distinct, H1, Xl, Collinear_DEF; O ∈ open (X,B) by notXrOB, Distinct, -, IN_Ray, ∉; O ∉ open (X,A) by ∉, B1', XABcol, -, H2, Interval2sides2aLine; qed by Distinct, XABcol, -, IN_Ray; l ⊂ ray O A ∪ ray O B by -, IN_UNION, SUBSET; qed by -, AOBsub_l, SUBSET_ANTISYM; `;; let AtMost2Sides = thm `; let A B C be point; let l be point_set; assume Line l [H1]; assume A ∉ l ∧ B ∉ l ∧ C ∉ l [H2]; thus A,B same_side l ∨ A,C same_side l ∨ B,C same_side l proof cases; suppose A = C; qed by -, H1, H2, SameSideReflexive; suppose ¬(A = C) [notAC]; consider m such that Line m ∧ A ∈ m ∧ C ∈ m [m_line] by notAC, I1; cases; suppose m ∩ l = ∅; A,C same_side l by m_line, H1, -, BetweenLinear, SET_RULE, SameSide_DEF; qed by -; suppose ¬(m ∩ l = ∅); consider Y such that Y ∈ l ∧ Y ∈ m [Ylm] by -, IN_INTER, MEMBER_NOT_EMPTY; cases; suppose ¬Collinear A B C; qed by H1, -, H2, m_line, Ylm, TwosidesTriangle2aLine; suppose Collinear A B C [ABCcol]; B ∈ m [Bm] by -, m_line, notAC, I1, Collinear_DEF; ¬(Y = A) ∧ ¬(Y = B) ∧ ¬(Y = C) [YnotABC] by Ylm, H2, ∉; Y ∉ open (A,B) ∨ Y ∉ open (A,C) ∨ Y ∉ open (B,C) by ABCcol, Interval2sides2aLine; A ∈ ray Y B ━ Y ∨ A ∈ ray Y C ━ Y ∨ B ∈ ray Y C ━ Y by YnotABC, m_line, Bm, Ylm, Collinear_DEF, -, IN_Ray, IN_DELETE; qed by H1, Ylm, H2, -, RaySameSide; end; end; end; `;; let FourPointsOrder = thm `; let A B C X be point; let l be point_set; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l ∧ X ∈ l [H1]; assume ¬(X = A) ∧ ¬(X = B) ∧ ¬(X = C) [H2]; assume B ∈ open (A,C) [H3]; thus ordered X A B C ∨ ordered A X B C ∨ ordered A B X C ∨ ordered A B C X proof A ∈ open (X,B) ∨ X ∈ open (A,B) ∨ X ∈ open (B,C) ∨ C ∈ open (B,X) proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(B = C) [ABCdistinct] by H3, B1'; Collinear A B X ∧ Collinear A C X ∧ Collinear C B X [ACXcol] by H1, Collinear_DEF; A ∈ open (X,B) ∨ X ∈ open (A,B) ∨ B ∈ open (A,X) by H2, ABCdistinct, -, B3', B1'; cases by -; suppose A ∈ open (X,B) ∨ X ∈ open (A,B); qed by -; suppose B ∈ open (A,X); B ∉ open (C,X) by ACXcol, H3, -, Interval2sides2aLine, ∉; qed by H2, ABCdistinct, ACXcol, -, B3', B1', ∉; end; qed by -, H3, B1', TransitivityBetweenness, TransitivityBetweennessVariant, Reverse4Order; `;; let HilbertAxiomRedundantByMoore = thm `; let A B C D be point; let l be point_set; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l ∧ D ∈ l [H1]; assume ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(A = D) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(B = D) ∧ ¬(C = D) [H2]; thus ordered D A B C ∨ ordered A D B C ∨ ordered A B D C ∨ ordered A B C D ∨ ordered D A C B ∨ ordered A D C B ∨ ordered A C D B ∨ ordered A C B D ∨ ordered D C A B ∨ ordered C D A B ∨ ordered C A D B ∨ ordered C A B D proof Collinear A B C by H1, Collinear_DEF; B ∈ open (A,C) ∨ C ∈ open (A,B) ∨ A ∈ open (C,B) by H2, -, B3', B1'; qed by -, H1, H2, FourPointsOrder; `;; let InteriorTransitivity = thm `; let A O B F G be point; assume G ∈ int_angle A O B [GintAOB]; assume F ∈ int_angle A O G [FintAOG]; thus F ∈ int_angle A O B proof ¬Collinear A O B [AOBncol] by GintAOB, IN_InteriorAngle; consider G' such that G' ∈ open (A,B) ∧ G' ∈ ray O G ━ O [CrossG] by GintAOB, Crossbar_THM; F ∈ int_angle A O G' by FintAOG, -, InteriorWellDefined; consider F' such that F' ∈ open (A,G') ∧ F' ∈ ray O F ━ O [CrossF] by -, Crossbar_THM; ¬(F' = O) ∧ ¬(F = O) ∧ Collinear O F F' ∧ O ∉ open (F',F) by -, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; F ∈ ray O F' ━ O [FrOF'] by -, CollinearSymmetry, B1', ∉, IN_Ray, IN_DELETE; open (A,G') ⊂ open (A,B) ∧ F' ∈ open (A,B) by CrossG, IntervalsAreConvex, CrossF, SUBSET; F' ∈ int_angle A O B by AOBncol, -, ConverseCrossbar; qed by -, FrOF', WholeRayInterior; `;; let HalfPlaneConvexNonempty = thm `; let l H be point_set; let A be point; assume Line l ∧ A ∉ l [l_line]; assume H = {X | X ∉ l ∧ X,A same_side l} [HalfPlane]; thus ¬(H = ∅) ∧ H ⊂ complement l ∧ Convex H proof ∀ X. X ∈ H ⇔ X ∉ l ∧ X,A same_side l [Hdef] by HalfPlane, SET_RULE; H ⊂ complement l [Hsub] by -, IN_PlaneComplement, SUBSET; A,A same_side l ∧ A ∈ H by l_line, SameSideReflexive, Hdef; ¬(H = ∅) [Hnonempty] by -, MEMBER_NOT_EMPTY; ∀ P Q X. P ∈ H ∧ Q ∈ H ∧ X ∈ open (P,Q) ⇒ X ∈ H proof let P Q X be point; assume P ∈ H ∧ Q ∈ H ∧ X ∈ open (P,Q) [PXQ]; P ∉ l ∧ P,A same_side l ∧ Q ∉ l ∧ Q,A same_side l [PQinH] by -, Hdef; P,Q same_side l [Psim_lQ] by l_line, -, SameSideSymmetric, SameSideTransitive; X ∉ l [notXl] by -, PXQ, SameSide_DEF, ∉; open (X,P) ⊂ open (P,Q) by PXQ, IntervalsAreConvex, B1', SUBSET; X,P same_side l by l_line, -, SUBSET, Psim_lQ, SameSide_DEF; X,A same_side l by l_line, notXl, PQinH, -, Psim_lQ, PQinH, SameSideTransitive; qed by -, notXl, Hdef; Convex H by -, SUBSET, CONVEX; qed by Hnonempty, Hsub, -; `;; let PlaneSeparation = thm `; let l be point_set; assume Line l [l_line]; thus ∃ H1 H2:point_set. H1 ∩ H2 = ∅ ∧ ¬(H1 = ∅) ∧ ¬(H2 = ∅) ∧ Convex H1 ∧ Convex H2 ∧ complement l = H1 ∪ H2 ∧ ∀ P Q. P ∈ H1 ∧ Q ∈ H2 ⇒ ¬(P,Q same_side l) proof consider A such that A ∉ l [notAl] by l_line, ExistsPointOffLine; consider E such that E ∈ l ∧ ¬(A = E) [El] by l_line, I2, -, ∉; consider B such that E ∈ open (A,B) ∧ ¬(E = B) ∧ Collinear A E B [AEB] by -, B2', B1'; B ∉ l [notBl] by l_line, El, -, I1, Collinear_DEF, notAl, ∉; ¬(A,B same_side l) [Ansim_lB] by l_line, El, AEB, SameSide_DEF; consider H1 H2 such that H1 = {X | X ∉ l ∧ X,A same_side l} ∧ H2 = {X | X ∉ l ∧ X,B same_side l} [H12sets]; ∀ X. (X ∈ H1 ⇔ X ∉ l ∧ X,A same_side l) ∧ (X ∈ H2 ⇔ X ∉ l ∧ X,B same_side l) [H12def] by -, SET_RULE; ∀ X. X ∈ H1 ⇔ X ∉ l ∧ X,A same_side l [H1def] by H12sets, SET_RULE; ∀ X. X ∈ H2 ⇔ X ∉ l ∧ X,B same_side l [H2def] by H12sets, SET_RULE; H1 ∩ H2 = ∅ [H12disjoint] proof assume ¬(H1 ∩ H2 = ∅); consider V such that V ∈ H1 ∧ V ∈ H2 by -, MEMBER_NOT_EMPTY, IN_INTER; V ∉ l ∧ V,A same_side l ∧ V ∉ l ∧ V,B same_side l by -, H12def; A,B same_side l by l_line, -, notAl, notBl, SameSideSymmetric, SameSideTransitive; qed by -, Ansim_lB; ¬(H1 = ∅) ∧ ¬(H2 = ∅) ∧ H1 ⊂ complement l ∧ H2 ⊂ complement l ∧ Convex H1 ∧ Convex H2 [H12convex_nonempty] by l_line, notAl, notBl, H12sets, HalfPlaneConvexNonempty; H1 ∪ H2 ⊂ complement l [H12sub] by H12convex_nonempty, UNION_SUBSET; ∀ C. C ∈ complement l ⇒ C ∈ H1 ∪ H2 proof let C be point; assume C ∈ complement l; C ∉ l [notCl] by -, IN_PlaneComplement; C,A same_side l ∨ C,B same_side l by l_line, notAl, notBl, -, Ansim_lB, AtMost2Sides; C ∈ H1 ∨ C ∈ H2 by notCl, -, H12def; qed by -, IN_UNION; complement l ⊂ H1 ∪ H2 by -, SUBSET; complement l = H1 ∪ H2 [compl_H1unionH2] by H12sub, -, SUBSET_ANTISYM; ∀ P Q. P ∈ H1 ∧ Q ∈ H2 ⇒ ¬(P,Q same_side l) [opp_sides] proof let P Q be point; assume P ∈ H1 ∧ Q ∈ H2; P ∉ l ∧ P,A same_side l ∧ Q ∉ l ∧ Q,B same_side l [PH1_QH2] by -, H12def, IN; qed by l_line, -, notAl, SameSideSymmetric, notBl, Ansim_lB, SameSideTransitive; qed by H12disjoint, H12convex_nonempty, compl_H1unionH2, opp_sides; `;; let TetralateralSymmetry = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume Tetralateral A B C D [H1]; thus Tetralateral B C D A ∧ Tetralateral A B D C proof ¬Collinear A B D ∧ ¬Collinear B D C ∧ ¬Collinear D C A ∧ ¬Collinear C A B [TetraABCD] by H1, Tetralateral_DEF, CollinearSymmetry; qed by H1, -, Tetralateral_DEF; `;; let EasyEmptyIntersectionsTetralateralHelp = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume Tetralateral A B C D [H1]; thus open (A,B) ∩ open (B,C) = ∅ proof ∀ X. X ∈ open (B,C) ⇒ X ∉ open (A,B) proof let X be point; assume X ∈ open (B,C); ¬Collinear A B C ∧ Collinear B X C ∧ ¬(X = B) by H1, Tetralateral_DEF, -, B1'; ¬Collinear A X B by -, CollinearSymmetry, B1', NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; qed by -, B1', ∉; qed by -, DisjointOneNotOther; `;; let EasyEmptyIntersectionsTetralateral = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume Tetralateral A B C D [H1]; thus open (A,B) ∩ open (B,C) = ∅ ∧ open (B,C) ∩ open (C,D) = ∅ ∧ open (C,D) ∩ open (D,A) = ∅ ∧ open (D,A) ∩ open (A,B) = ∅ proof Tetralateral B C D A ∧ Tetralateral C D A B ∧ Tetralateral D A B C by H1, TetralateralSymmetry; qed by H1, -, EasyEmptyIntersectionsTetralateralHelp; `;; let SegmentSameSideOppositeLine = thm `; let A B C D be point; let a c be point_set; assume Quadrilateral A B C D [H1]; assume Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a [a_line]; assume Line c ∧ C ∈ c ∧ D ∈ c [c_line]; thus A,B same_side c ∨ C,D same_side a proof assume ¬(C,D same_side a); :: prove A,B same_side c consider G such that G ∈ a ∧ G ∈ open (C,D) [CGD] by -, a_line, SameSide_DEF; G ∈ c ∧ Collinear G B A [Gc] by c_line, -, BetweenLinear, a_line, Collinear_DEF; ¬Collinear B C D ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ open (A,B) ∩ open (C,D) = ∅ [quadABCD] by H1, Quadrilateral_DEF, Tetralateral_DEF; A ∉ c ∧ B ∉ c ∧ ¬(A = G) ∧ ¬(B = G) [Distinct] by -, c_line, Collinear_DEF, ∉, Gc; G ∉ open (A,B) by quadABCD, CGD, DisjointOneNotOther; A ∈ ray G B ━ G by Distinct, Gc, -, IN_Ray, IN_DELETE; qed by c_line, Gc, Distinct, -, RaySameSide; `;; let ConvexImpliesQuad = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume Tetralateral A B C D [H1]; assume C ∈ int_angle D A B ∧ D ∈ int_angle A B C [H2]; thus Quadrilateral A B C D proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(A = D) [TetraABCD] by H1, Tetralateral_DEF; consider a such that Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a [a_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider b such that Line b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ C ∈ b [b_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider d such that Line d ∧ D ∈ d ∧ A ∈ d [d_line] by TetraABCD, I1; open (B,C) ⊂ b ∧ open (A,B) ⊂ a [BCbABa] by b_line, a_line, BetweenLinear, SUBSET; D,A same_side b ∧ C,D same_side a by H2, a_line, b_line, d_line, InteriorUse; b ∩ open (D,A) = ∅ ∧ a ∩ open (C,D) = ∅ by -, b_line, SameSide_DEF, SET_RULE; open (B,C) ∩ open (D,A) = ∅ ∧ open (A,B) ∩ open (C,D) = ∅ by BCbABa, -, SET_RULE; qed by H1, -, Quadrilateral_DEF; `;; let DiagonalsIntersectImpliesConvexQuad = thm `; let A B C D G be point; assume ¬Collinear B C D [BCDncol]; assume G ∈ open (A,C) ∧ G ∈ open (B,D) [DiagInt]; thus ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D proof ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(B = D) ∧ ¬(C = D) ∧ ¬(C = A) ∧ ¬(A = G) ∧ ¬(D = G) ∧ ¬(B = G) [Distinct] by BCDncol, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, DiagInt, B1'; Collinear A G C ∧ Collinear B G D [AGCcol] by DiagInt, B1'; ¬Collinear C D A [CDAncol] by BCDncol, CollinearSymmetry, Distinct, AGCcol, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ¬Collinear D A B [DABncol] by -, CollinearSymmetry, Distinct, AGCcol, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ¬Collinear A B C [ABCncol] by -, CollinearSymmetry, Distinct, AGCcol, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = D) by DABncol, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; Tetralateral A B C D [TetraABCD] by Distinct, -, BCDncol, CDAncol, DABncol, ABCncol, Tetralateral_DEF; A ∈ ray C G ━ C ∧ B ∈ ray D G ━ D ∧ C ∈ ray A G ━ A ∧ D ∈ ray B G ━ B [ArCG] by DiagInt, B1', IntervalRayEZ; G ∈ int_angle B C D ∧ G ∈ int_angle C D A ∧ G ∈ int_angle D A B ∧ G ∈ int_angle A B C by BCDncol, CDAncol, DABncol, ABCncol, DiagInt, B1', ConverseCrossbar; A ∈ int_angle B C D ∧ B ∈ int_angle C D A ∧ C ∈ int_angle D A B ∧ D ∈ int_angle A B C by -, ArCG, WholeRayInterior; qed by TetraABCD, -, ConvexImpliesQuad, ConvexQuad_DEF; `;; let DoubleNotSimImpliesDiagonalsIntersect = thm `; let A B C D be point; let l m be point_set; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l [l_line]; assume Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ D ∈ m [m_line]; assume Tetralateral A B C D [H1]; assume ¬(B,D same_side l) [H2]; assume ¬(A,C same_side m) [H3]; thus (∃ G. G ∈ open (A,C) ∩ open (B,D)) ∧ ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D proof ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear B C D ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ ¬Collinear D A B [TetraABCD] by H1, Tetralateral_DEF; consider G such that G ∈ open (A,C) ∧ G ∈ m [AGC] by H3, m_line, SameSide_DEF; G ∈ l [Gl] by l_line, -, BetweenLinear; A ∉ m ∧ B ∉ l ∧ D ∉ l by TetraABCD, m_line, l_line, Collinear_DEF, ∉; ¬(l = m) ∧ B ∈ m ━ G ∧ D ∈ m ━ G [BDm_G] by -, l_line, ∉, m_line, Gl, IN_DELETE; l ∩ m = {G} by l_line, m_line, -, Gl, AGC, I1Uniqueness; G ∈ open (B,D) by l_line, m_line, -, BDm_G, H2, EquivIntersection, ∉; qed by AGC, -, IN_INTER, TetraABCD, DiagonalsIntersectImpliesConvexQuad; `;; let ConvexQuadImpliesDiagonalsIntersect = thm `; let A B C D be point; let l m be point_set; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l [l_line]; assume Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ D ∈ m [m_line]; assume ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D [ConvQuadABCD]; thus ¬(B,D same_side l) ∧ ¬(A,C same_side m) ∧ (∃ G. G ∈ open (A,C) ∩ open (B,D)) ∧ ¬Quadrilateral A B D C proof Tetralateral A B C D ∧ A ∈ int_angle B C D ∧ D ∈ int_angle A B C [convquadABCD] by ConvQuadABCD, ConvexQuad_DEF, Quadrilateral_DEF; ¬(B,D same_side l) ∧ ¬(A,C same_side m) [opp_sides] by convquadABCD, l_line, m_line, InteriorOpposite; consider G such that G ∈ open (A,C) ∩ open (B,D) [Gexists] by l_line, m_line, convquadABCD, opp_sides, DoubleNotSimImpliesDiagonalsIntersect; ¬(open (B,D) ∩ open (C,A) = ∅) by -, IN_INTER, B1', MEMBER_NOT_EMPTY; ¬Quadrilateral A B D C by -, Quadrilateral_DEF; qed by opp_sides, Gexists, -; `;; let FourChoicesTetralateralHelp = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume Tetralateral A B C D [H1]; assume C ∈ int_angle D A B [CintDAB]; thus ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D ∨ C ∈ int_triangle D A B proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(D = A) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = D) ∧ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear B C D ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ ¬Collinear D A B [TetraABCD] by H1, Tetralateral_DEF; consider a d such that Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a ∧ Line d ∧ D ∈ d ∧ A ∈ d [ad_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider l m such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l ∧ Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ D ∈ m [lm_line] by TetraABCD, I1; C ∉ a ∧ C ∉ d ∧ B ∉ l ∧ D ∉ l ∧ A ∉ m ∧ C ∉ m ∧ ¬Collinear A B D ∧ ¬Collinear B D A [tetra'] by TetraABCD, ad_line, lm_line, Collinear_DEF, ∉, CollinearSymmetry; ¬(B,D same_side l) [Bsim_lD] by CintDAB, lm_line, InteriorOpposite, -, SameSideSymmetric; cases; suppose ¬(A,C same_side m); qed by lm_line, H1, Bsim_lD, -, DoubleNotSimImpliesDiagonalsIntersect; suppose A,C same_side m; C,A same_side m [Csim_mA] by lm_line, -, tetra', SameSideSymmetric; C,B same_side d ∧ C,D same_side a by ad_line, CintDAB, InteriorUse; C ∈ int_angle A B D ∧ C ∈ int_angle B D A by tetra', ad_line, lm_line, Csim_mA, -, IN_InteriorAngle; C ∈ int_triangle D A B by CintDAB, -, IN_InteriorTriangle; qed by -; end; `;; let InteriorTriangleSymmetry = thm `; ∀ A B C P. P ∈ int_triangle A B C ⇒ P ∈ int_triangle B C A by IN_InteriorTriangle; `;; let FourChoicesTetralateral = thm `; let A B C D be point; let a be point_set; assume Tetralateral A B C D [H1]; assume Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a [a_line]; assume C,D same_side a [Csim_aD]; thus ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D ∨ ConvexQuadrilateral A B D C ∨ D ∈ int_triangle A B C ∨ C ∈ int_triangle D A B proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ ¬Collinear D A B ∧ Tetralateral A B D C [TetraABCD] by H1, Tetralateral_DEF, TetralateralSymmetry; ¬Collinear C A D ∧ C ∉ a ∧ D ∉ a [notCDa] by TetraABCD, CollinearSymmetry, a_line, Collinear_DEF, ∉; C ∈ int_angle D A B ∨ D ∈ int_angle C A B by TetraABCD, a_line, -, Csim_aD, AngleOrdering; cases by -; suppose C ∈ int_angle D A B; ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D ∨ C ∈ int_triangle D A B by H1, -, FourChoicesTetralateralHelp; qed by -; suppose D ∈ int_angle C A B; ConvexQuadrilateral A B D C ∨ D ∈ int_triangle C A B by TetraABCD, -, FourChoicesTetralateralHelp; qed by -, InteriorTriangleSymmetry; end; `;; let QuadrilateralSymmetry = thm `; ∀ A B C D:point. Quadrilateral A B C D ⇒ Quadrilateral B C D A ∧ Quadrilateral C D A B ∧ Quadrilateral D A B C by Quadrilateral_DEF, INTER_COMM, TetralateralSymmetry, Quadrilateral_DEF; `;; let FiveChoicesQuadrilateral = thm `; let A B C D be point; let l m be point_set; assume Quadrilateral A B C D [H1]; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l ∧ Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ D ∈ m [lm_line]; thus (ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D ∨ A ∈ int_triangle B C D ∨ B ∈ int_triangle C D A ∨ C ∈ int_triangle D A B ∨ D ∈ int_triangle A B C) ∧ (¬(B,D same_side l) ∨ ¬(A,C same_side m)) proof Tetralateral A B C D [H1Tetra] by H1, Quadrilateral_DEF; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = D) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(C = D) [Distinct] by H1Tetra, Tetralateral_DEF; consider a c such that Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a ∧ Line c ∧ C ∈ c ∧ D ∈ c [ac_line] by Distinct, I1; Quadrilateral C D A B ∧ Tetralateral C D A B [tetraCDAB] by H1, QuadrilateralSymmetry, Quadrilateral_DEF; ¬ConvexQuadrilateral A B D C ∧ ¬ConvexQuadrilateral C D B A [notconvquad] by Distinct, I1, H1, -, ConvexQuadImpliesDiagonalsIntersect; ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D ∨ A ∈ int_triangle B C D ∨ B ∈ int_triangle C D A ∨ C ∈ int_triangle D A B ∨ D ∈ int_triangle A B C [5choices] proof A,B same_side c ∨ C,D same_side a by H1, ac_line, SegmentSameSideOppositeLine; cases by -; suppose C,D same_side a; qed by H1Tetra, ac_line, -, notconvquad, FourChoicesTetralateral; suppose A,B same_side c; ConvexQuadrilateral C D A B ∨ B ∈ int_triangle C D A ∨ A ∈ int_triangle B C D [X1] by tetraCDAB, ac_line, -, notconvquad, FourChoicesTetralateral; qed by -, QuadrilateralSymmetry, ConvexQuad_DEF; end; ¬(B,D same_side l) ∨ ¬(A,C same_side m) by -, lm_line, ConvexQuadImpliesDiagonalsIntersect, IN_InteriorTriangle, InteriorAngleSymmetry, InteriorOpposite; qed by 5choices, -; `;; let IntervalSymmetry = thm `; ∀ A B: point. open (A,B) = open (B,A) by B1', EXTENSION; `;; let SegmentSymmetry = thm `; ∀ A B: point. seg A B = seg B A by Segment_DEF, IntervalSymmetry, SET_RULE; `;; let C1OppositeRay = thm `; let O P be point; let s be point_set; assume Segment s ∧ ¬(O = P) [H1]; thus ∃ Q. P ∈ open (O,Q) ∧ seg P Q ≡ s proof consider Z such that P ∈ open (O,Z) ∧ ¬(P = Z) [OPZ] by H1, B2', B1'; consider Q such that Q ∈ ray P Z ━ P ∧ seg P Q ≡ s [PQeq] by H1, -, C1; P ∈ open (Q,O) by OPZ, -, OppositeRaysIntersect1pointHelp; qed by -, B1', PQeq; `;; let OrderedCongruentSegments = thm `; let A B C D F be point; assume ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(D = F) [H1]; assume seg A C ≡ seg D F [H2]; assume B ∈ open (A,C) [H3]; thus ∃ E. E ∈ open (D,F) ∧ seg A B ≡ seg D E proof Segment (seg A B) ∧ Segment (seg A C) ∧ Segment (seg B C) ∧ Segment (seg D F) [segs] by H3, B1', H1, SEGMENT; seg D F ≡ seg A C [DFeqAC] by -, H2, C2Symmetric; consider E such that E ∈ ray D F ━ D ∧ seg D E ≡ seg A B [DEeqAB] by segs, H1, C1; ¬(E = D) ∧ Collinear D E F ∧ D ∉ open (F,E) [ErDF] by -, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray, B1', CollinearSymmetry, ∉; consider F' such that E ∈ open (D,F') ∧ seg E F' ≡ seg B C [DEF'] by segs, -, C1OppositeRay; seg D F' ≡ seg A C [DF'eqAC] by DEF', H3, DEeqAB, C3; Segment (seg D F') ∧ Segment (seg D E) by DEF', B1', SEGMENT; seg A C ≡ seg D F' ∧ seg A B ≡ seg D E [ABeqDE] by segs, -, DF'eqAC, C2Symmetric, DEeqAB; F' ∈ ray D E ━ D ∧ F ∈ ray D E ━ D by DEF', IntervalRayEZ, ErDF, IN_Ray, H1, IN_DELETE; F' = F by ErDF, segs, -, DF'eqAC, DFeqAC, C1; qed by -, DEF', ABeqDE; `;; let SegmentSubtraction = thm `; let A B C A' B' C' be point; assume B ∈ open (A,C) ∧ B' ∈ open (A',C') [H1]; assume seg A B ≡ seg A' B' [H2]; assume seg A C ≡ seg A' C' [H3]; thus seg B C ≡ seg B' C' proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ Collinear A B C ∧ Segment (seg A' C') ∧ Segment (seg B' C') [Distinct] by H1, B1', SEGMENT; consider Q such that B ∈ open (A,Q) ∧ seg B Q ≡ seg B' C' [defQ] by -, C1OppositeRay; seg A Q ≡ seg A' C' [AQ_A'C'] by H1, H2, -, C3; ¬(A = Q) ∧ Collinear A B Q ∧ A ∉ open (C,B) ∧ A ∉ open (Q,B) by defQ, B1', H1, B3', ∉; C ∈ ray A B ━ A ∧ Q ∈ ray A B ━ A by Distinct, -, IN_Ray, IN_DELETE; C = Q by Distinct, -, AQ_A'C', H3, C1; qed by defQ, -; `;; let SegmentOrderingUse = thm `; let A B be point; let s be point_set; assume Segment s ∧ ¬(A = B) [H1]; assume s <__ seg A B [H2]; thus ∃ G. G ∈ open (A,B) ∧ s ≡ seg A G proof consider A' B' G' such that seg A B = seg A' B' ∧ G' ∈ open (A',B') ∧ s ≡ seg A' G' [H2'] by H2, SegmentOrdering_DEF; ¬(A' = G') ∧ ¬(A' = B') ∧ seg A' B' ≡ seg A B [A'notB'G'] by -, B1', H1, SEGMENT, C2Reflexive; consider G such that G ∈ open (A,B) ∧ seg A' G' ≡ seg A G [AGB] by A'notB'G', H1, H2', -, OrderedCongruentSegments; s ≡ seg A G by H1, A'notB'G', -, B1', SEGMENT, H2', C2Transitive; qed by AGB, -; `;; let SegmentTrichotomy1 = thm `; let s t be point_set; assume s <__ t [H1]; thus ¬(s ≡ t) proof consider A B G such that Segment s ∧ t = seg A B ∧ G ∈ open (A,B) ∧ s ≡ seg A G [H1'] by H1, SegmentOrdering_DEF; ¬(A = G) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(G = B) [Distinct] by H1', B1'; seg A B ≡ seg A B [ABrefl] by -, SEGMENT, C2Reflexive; G ∈ ray A B ━ A ∧ B ∈ ray A B ━ A by H1', IntervalRay, EndpointInRay, Distinct, IN_DELETE; ¬(seg A G ≡ seg A B) ∧ seg A G ≡ s by Distinct, SEGMENT, -, ABrefl, C1, H1', C2Symmetric; qed by Distinct, H1', SEGMENT, -, C2Transitive; `;; let SegmentTrichotomy2 = thm `; let s t u be point_set; assume s <__ t [H1]; assume Segment u ∧ t ≡ u [H2]; thus s <__ u proof consider A B P such that Segment s ∧ t = seg A B ∧ P ∈ open (A,B) ∧ s ≡ seg A P [H1'] by H1, SegmentOrdering_DEF; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = P) [Distinct] by -, B1'; consider X Y such that u = seg X Y ∧ ¬(X = Y) [uXY] by H2, SEGMENT; consider Q such that Q ∈ open (X,Y) ∧ seg A P ≡ seg X Q [XQY] by Distinct, -, H1', H2, OrderedCongruentSegments; ¬(X = Q) ∧ s ≡ seg X Q by -, B1', H1', Distinct, SEGMENT, XQY, C2Transitive; qed by H1', uXY, XQY, -, SegmentOrdering_DEF; `;; let SegmentOrderTransitivity = thm `; let s t u be point_set; assume s <__ t ∧ t <__ u [H1]; thus s <__ u proof consider A B G such that u = seg A B ∧ G ∈ open (A,B) ∧ t ≡ seg A G [H1'] by H1, SegmentOrdering_DEF; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = G) ∧ Segment s [Distinct] by H1', B1', H1, SegmentOrdering_DEF; s <__ seg A G by H1, H1', Distinct, SEGMENT, SegmentTrichotomy2; consider F such that F ∈ open (A,G) ∧ s ≡ seg A F [AFG] by Distinct, -, SegmentOrderingUse; F ∈ open (A,B) by H1', IntervalsAreConvex, -, SUBSET; qed by Distinct, H1', -, AFG, SegmentOrdering_DEF; `;; let SegmentTrichotomy = thm `; let s t be point_set; assume Segment s ∧ Segment t [H1]; thus (s ≡ t ∨ s <__ t ∨ t <__ s) ∧ ¬(s ≡ t ∧ s <__ t) ∧ ¬(s ≡ t ∧ t <__ s) ∧ ¬(s <__ t ∧ t <__ s) proof ¬(s ≡ t ∧ s <__ t) [Not12] proof assume s <__ t; qed by -, SegmentTrichotomy1; ¬(s ≡ t ∧ t <__ s) [Not13] proof assume t <__ s; ¬(t ≡ s) by -, SegmentTrichotomy1; qed by H1, -, C2Symmetric; ¬(s <__ t ∧ t <__ s) [Not23] proof assume s <__ t ∧ t <__ s; s <__ s by H1, -, SegmentOrderTransitivity; qed by -, SegmentTrichotomy1, H1, C2Reflexive; consider O P such that s = seg O P ∧ ¬(O = P) [sOP] by H1, SEGMENT; consider Q such that Q ∈ ray O P ━ O ∧ seg O Q ≡ t [QrOP] by H1, -, C1; O ∉ open (Q,P) ∧ Collinear O P Q ∧ ¬(O = Q) [notQOP] by -, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; s ≡ seg O P ∧ t ≡ seg O Q ∧ seg O Q ≡ t ∧ seg O P ≡ s [stOPQ] by H1, sOP, -, SEGMENT, QrOP, C2Reflexive, C2Symmetric; cases; suppose Q = P; s ≡ t by -, sOP, QrOP; qed by -, Not12, Not13, Not23; suppose ¬(Q = P); P ∈ open (O,Q) ∨ Q ∈ open (O,P) by sOP, -, notQOP, B3', B1', ∉; s <__ seg O Q ∨ t <__ seg O P by H1, -, stOPQ, SegmentOrdering_DEF; s <__ t ∨ t <__ s by -, H1, stOPQ, SegmentTrichotomy2; qed by -, Not12, Not13, Not23; end; `;; let C4Uniqueness = thm `; let O A B P be point; let l be point_set; assume Line l ∧ O ∈ l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ ¬(O = A) [H1]; assume B ∉ l ∧ P ∉ l ∧ P,B same_side l [H2]; assume ∡ A O P ≡ ∡ A O B [H3]; thus ray O B = ray O P proof ¬(O = B) ∧ ¬(O = P) ∧ Ray (ray O B) ∧ Ray (ray O P) [Distinct] by H2, H1, ∉, RAY; ¬Collinear A O B ∧ B,B same_side l [Bsim_lB] by H1, H2, I1, Collinear_DEF, ∉, SameSideReflexive; Angle (∡ A O B) ∧ ∡ A O B ≡ ∡ A O B by -, ANGLE, C5Reflexive; qed by -, H1, H2, Distinct, Bsim_lB, H3, C4; `;; let AngleSymmetry = thm `; ∀ A O B. ∡ A O B = ∡ B O A by Angle_DEF, UNION_COMM; `;; let TriangleCongSymmetry = thm `; let A B C A' B' C' be point; assume A,B,C ≅ A',B',C' [H1]; thus A,C,B ≅ A',C',B' ∧ B,A,C ≅ B',A',C' ∧ B,C,A ≅ B',C',A' ∧ C,A,B ≅ C',A',B' ∧ C,B,A ≅ C',B',A' proof ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear A' B' C' ∧ seg A B ≡ seg A' B' ∧ seg A C ≡ seg A' C' ∧ seg B C ≡ seg B' C' ∧ ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ A' B' C' ∧ ∡ B C A ≡ ∡ B' C' A' ∧ ∡ C A B ≡ ∡ C' A' B' [H1'] by H1, TriangleCong_DEF; seg B A ≡ seg B' A' ∧ seg C A ≡ seg C' A' ∧ seg C B ≡ seg C' B' [segments] by H1', SegmentSymmetry; ∡ C B A ≡ ∡ C' B' A' ∧ ∡ A C B ≡ ∡ A' C' B' ∧ ∡ B A C ≡ ∡ B' A' C' by H1', AngleSymmetry; qed by CollinearSymmetry, H1', segments, -, TriangleCong_DEF; `;; let SAS = thm `; let A B C A' B' C' be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear A' B' C' [H1]; assume seg B A ≡ seg B' A' ∧ seg B C ≡ seg B' C' [H2]; assume ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ A' B' C' [H3]; thus A,B,C ≅ A',B',C' proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(A' = C') [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; :: 134 consider c such that Line c ∧ A ∈ c ∧ B ∈ c [c_line] by Distinct, I1; C ∉ c [notCc] by H1, c_line, Collinear_DEF, ∉; ∡ B C A ≡ ∡ B' C' A' [BCAeq] by H1, H2, H3, C6; ∡ B A C ≡ ∡ B' A' C' [BACeq] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, H2, H3, AngleSymmetry, C6; consider Y such that Y ∈ ray A C ━ A ∧ seg A Y ≡ seg A' C' [YrAC] by Distinct, SEGMENT, C1; Y ∉ c ∧ Y,C same_side c [Ysim_cC] by c_line, notCc, -, RaySameSide; ¬Collinear Y A B [YABncol] by c_line, -, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, ∉; ray A Y = ray A C ∧ ∡ Y A B = ∡ C A B by Distinct, YrAC, RayWellDefined, Angle_DEF; ∡ Y A B ≡ ∡ C' A' B' by BACeq, -, AngleSymmetry; ∡ A B Y ≡ ∡ A' B' C' [ABYeq] by YABncol, H1, CollinearSymmetry, H2, SegmentSymmetry, YrAC, -, C6; Angle (∡ A B C) ∧ Angle (∡ A' B' C') ∧ Angle (∡ A B Y) by H1, CollinearSymmetry, YABncol, ANGLE; ∡ A B Y ≡ ∡ A B C [ABYeqABC] by -, ABYeq, -, H3, C5Symmetric, C5Transitive; ray B C = ray B Y ∧ ¬(Y = B) ∧ Y ∈ ray B C by c_line, Distinct, notCc, Ysim_cC, ABYeqABC, C4Uniqueness, ∉, -, EndpointInRay; Collinear B C Y ∧ Collinear A C Y by -, YrAC, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; C = Y by -, I1, Collinear_DEF, H1; seg A C ≡ seg A' C' by -, YrAC; qed by H1, H2, SegmentSymmetry, -, H3, BCAeq, BACeq, AngleSymmetry, TriangleCong_DEF; `;; let ASA = thm `; let A B C A' B' C' be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear A' B' C' [H1]; assume seg A C ≡ seg A' C' [H2]; assume ∡ C A B ≡ ∡ C' A' B' ∧ ∡ B C A ≡ ∡ B' C' A' [H3]; thus A,B,C ≅ A',B',C' proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(A' = B') ∧ ¬(A' = C') ∧ ¬(B' = C') ∧ Segment (seg C' B') [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, SEGMENT; consider D such that D ∈ ray C B ━ C ∧ seg C D ≡ seg C' B' ∧ ¬(D = C) [DrCB] by -, C1, IN_DELETE; Collinear C B D [CBDcol] by -, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; ¬Collinear D C A ∧ Angle (∡ C A D) ∧ Angle (∡ C' A' B') ∧ Angle (∡ C A B) [DCAncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, -, DrCB, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine, H1, ANGLE; consider b such that Line b ∧ A ∈ b ∧ C ∈ b [b_line] by Distinct, I1; B ∉ b ∧ ¬(D = A) [notBb] by H1, -, Collinear_DEF, ∉, DCAncol, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; D ∉ b ∧ D,B same_side b [Dsim_bB] by b_line, -, DrCB, RaySameSide; ray C D = ray C B by Distinct, DrCB, RayWellDefined; ∡ D C A ≡ ∡ B' C' A' by H3, -, Angle_DEF; D,C,A ≅ B',C',A' by DCAncol, H1, CollinearSymmetry, DrCB, H2, SegmentSymmetry, -, SAS; ∡ C A D ≡ ∡ C' A' B' by -, TriangleCong_DEF; ∡ C A D ≡ ∡ C A B by DCAncol, -, H3, C5Symmetric, C5Transitive; ray A B = ray A D ∧ D ∈ ray A B by b_line, Distinct, notBb, Dsim_bB, -, C4Uniqueness, notBb, EndpointInRay; Collinear A B D by -, IN_Ray; D = B by I1, -, Collinear_DEF, CBDcol, H1; seg C B ≡ seg C' B' by -, DrCB; B,C,A ≅ B',C',A' by H1, CollinearSymmetry, -, H2, SegmentSymmetry, H3, SAS; qed by -, TriangleCongSymmetry; `;; let AngleSubtraction = thm `; let A O B A' O' B' G G' be point; assume G ∈ int_angle A O B ∧ G' ∈ int_angle A' O' B' [H1]; assume ∡ A O B ≡ ∡ A' O' B' ∧ ∡ A O G ≡ ∡ A' O' G' [H2]; thus ∡ G O B ≡ ∡ G' O' B' proof ¬Collinear A O B ∧ ¬Collinear A' O' B' [A'O'B'ncol] by H1, IN_InteriorAngle; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) ∧ ¬(G = O) ∧ ¬(G' = O') ∧ Segment (seg O' A') ∧ Segment (seg O' B') [Distinct] by -, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, H1, InteriorEZHelp, SEGMENT; consider X Y such that X ∈ ray O A ━ O ∧ seg O X ≡ seg O' A' ∧ Y ∈ ray O B ━ O ∧ seg O Y ≡ seg O' B' [XYexists] by -, C1; G ∈ int_angle X O Y [GintXOY] by H1, XYexists, InteriorWellDefined, InteriorAngleSymmetry; consider H H' such that H ∈ open (X,Y) ∧ H ∈ ray O G ━ O ∧ H' ∈ open (A',B') ∧ H' ∈ ray O' G' ━ O' [Hexists] by -, H1, Crossbar_THM; H ∈ int_angle X O Y ∧ H' ∈ int_angle A' O' B' [HintXOY] by GintXOY, H1, -, WholeRayInterior; ray O X = ray O A ∧ ray O Y = ray O B ∧ ray O H = ray O G ∧ ray O' H' = ray O' G' [Orays] by Distinct, XYexists, Hexists, RayWellDefined; ∡ X O Y ≡ ∡ A' O' B' ∧ ∡ X O H ≡ ∡ A' O' H' [H2'] by H2, -, Angle_DEF; ¬Collinear X O Y by GintXOY, IN_InteriorAngle; X,O,Y ≅ A',O',B' by -, A'O'B'ncol, H2', XYexists, SAS; seg X Y ≡ seg A' B' ∧ ∡ O Y X ≡ ∡ O' B' A' ∧ ∡ Y X O ≡ ∡ B' A' O' [XOYcong] by -, TriangleCong_DEF; ¬Collinear O H X ∧ ¬Collinear O' H' A' ∧ ¬Collinear O Y H ∧ ¬Collinear O' B' H' [OHXncol] by HintXOY, InteriorEZHelp, InteriorAngleSymmetry, CollinearSymmetry; ray X H = ray X Y ∧ ray A' H' = ray A' B' ∧ ray Y H = ray Y X ∧ ray B' H' = ray B' A' [Hrays] by Hexists, B1', IntervalRay; ∡ H X O ≡ ∡ H' A' O' by XOYcong, -, Angle_DEF; O,H,X ≅ O',H',A' by OHXncol, XYexists, -, H2', ASA; seg X H ≡ seg A' H' by -, TriangleCong_DEF, SegmentSymmetry; seg H Y ≡ seg H' B' by Hexists, XOYcong, -, SegmentSubtraction; seg Y O ≡ seg B' O' ∧ seg Y H ≡ seg B' H' [YHeq] by XYexists, -, SegmentSymmetry; ∡ O Y H ≡ ∡ O' B' H' by XOYcong, Hrays, Angle_DEF; O,Y,H ≅ O',B',H' by OHXncol, YHeq, -, SAS; ∡ H O Y ≡ ∡ H' O' B' by -, TriangleCong_DEF; qed by -, Orays, Angle_DEF; `;; let OrderedCongruentAngles = thm `; let A O B A' O' B' G be point; assume ¬Collinear A' O' B' [H1]; assume ∡ A O B ≡ ∡ A' O' B' [H2]; assume G ∈ int_angle A O B [H3]; thus ∃ G'. G' ∈ int_angle A' O' B' ∧ ∡ A O G ≡ ∡ A' O' G' proof ¬Collinear A O B [AOBncol] by H3, IN_InteriorAngle; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) ∧ ¬(A' = B') ∧ ¬(O = G) ∧ Segment (seg O' A') ∧ Segment (seg O' B') [Distinct] by AOBncol, H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, H3, InteriorEZHelp, SEGMENT; consider X Y such that X ∈ ray O A ━ O ∧ seg O X ≡ seg O' A' ∧ Y ∈ ray O B ━ O ∧ seg O Y ≡ seg O' B' [defXY] by -, C1; G ∈ int_angle X O Y [GintXOY] by H3, -, InteriorWellDefined, InteriorAngleSymmetry; ¬Collinear X O Y ∧ ¬(X = Y) [XOYncol] by -, IN_InteriorAngle, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider H such that H ∈ open (X,Y) ∧ H ∈ ray O G ━ O [defH] by GintXOY, Crossbar_THM; ray O X = ray O A ∧ ray O Y = ray O B ∧ ray O H = ray O G [Orays] by Distinct, defXY, -, RayWellDefined; ∡ X O Y ≡ ∡ A' O' B' by H2, -, Angle_DEF; X,O,Y ≅ A',O',B' by XOYncol, H1, defXY, -, SAS; seg X Y ≡ seg A' B' ∧ ∡ O X Y ≡ ∡ O' A' B' [YXOcong] by -, TriangleCong_DEF, AngleSymmetry; consider G' such that G' ∈ open (A',B') ∧ seg X H ≡ seg A' G' [A'G'B'] by XOYncol, Distinct, -, defH, OrderedCongruentSegments; G' ∈ int_angle A' O' B' [G'intA'O'B'] by H1, -, ConverseCrossbar; ray X H = ray X Y ∧ ray A' G' = ray A' B' by defH, A'G'B', IntervalRay; ∡ O X H ≡ ∡ O' A' G' [HXOeq] by -, Angle_DEF, YXOcong; H ∈ int_angle X O Y by GintXOY, defH, WholeRayInterior; ¬Collinear O X H ∧ ¬Collinear O' A' G' by -, G'intA'O'B', InteriorEZHelp, CollinearSymmetry; O,X,H ≅ O',A',G' by -, A'G'B', defXY, SegmentSymmetry, HXOeq, SAS; ∡ X O H ≡ ∡ A' O' G' by -, TriangleCong_DEF, AngleSymmetry; ∡ A O G ≡ ∡ A' O' G' by -, Orays, Angle_DEF; qed by G'intA'O'B', -; `;; let AngleAddition = thm `; let A O B A' O' B' G G' be point; assume G ∈ int_angle A O B ∧ G' ∈ int_angle A' O' B' [H1]; assume ∡ A O G ≡ ∡ A' O' G' ∧ ∡ G O B ≡ ∡ G' O' B' [H2]; thus ∡ A O B ≡ ∡ A' O' B' proof ¬Collinear A O B ∧ ¬Collinear A' O' B' [AOBncol] by H1, IN_InteriorAngle; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(O = B) ∧ ¬(A' = O') ∧ ¬(A' = B') ∧ ¬(O' = B') ∧ ¬(G = O) [Distinct] by -, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, H1, InteriorEZHelp; consider a b such that Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b [a_line] by Distinct, I1; consider g such that Line g ∧ O ∈ g ∧ G ∈ g [g_line] by Distinct, I1; G ∉ a ∧ G,B same_side a [H1'] by a_line, H1, InteriorUse; ¬Collinear A O G ∧ ¬Collinear A' O' G' [AOGncol] by H1, InteriorEZHelp, IN_InteriorAngle; Angle (∡ A O B) ∧ Angle (∡ A' O' B') ∧ Angle (∡ A O G) ∧ Angle (∡ A' O' G') [angles] by AOBncol, -, ANGLE; ∃! r. Ray r ∧ ∃ X. ¬(O = X) ∧ r = ray O X ∧ X ∉ a ∧ X,G same_side a ∧ ∡ A O X ≡ ∡ A' O' B' by -, Distinct, a_line, H1', C4; consider X such that X ∉ a ∧ X,G same_side a ∧ ∡ A O X ≡ ∡ A' O' B' [Xexists] by -; ¬Collinear A O X [AOXncol] by -, a_line, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, ∉; ∡ A' O' B' ≡ ∡ A O X by -, AOBncol, ANGLE, Xexists, C5Symmetric; consider Y such that Y ∈ int_angle A O X ∧ ∡ A' O' G' ≡ ∡ A O Y [YintAOX] by AOXncol, -, H1, OrderedCongruentAngles; ¬Collinear A O Y by -, InteriorEZHelp; ∡ A O Y ≡ ∡ A O G [AOGeq] by -, angles, -, ANGLE, YintAOX, H2, C5Transitive, C5Symmetric; consider x such that Line x ∧ O ∈ x ∧ X ∈ x by Distinct, I1; Y ∉ a ∧ Y,X same_side a by a_line, -, YintAOX, InteriorUse; Y ∉ a ∧ Y,G same_side a by a_line, -, Xexists, H1', SameSideTransitive; ray O G = ray O Y by a_line, Distinct, H1', -, AOGeq, C4Uniqueness; G ∈ ray O Y ━ O by Distinct, -, EndpointInRay, IN_DELETE; G ∈ int_angle A O X [GintAOX] by YintAOX, -, WholeRayInterior; ∡ G O X ≡ ∡ G' O' B' [GOXeq] by -, H1, Xexists, H2, AngleSubtraction; ¬Collinear G O X ∧ ¬Collinear G O B ∧ ¬Collinear G' O' B' [GOXncol] by GintAOX, H1, InteriorAngleSymmetry, InteriorEZHelp, CollinearSymmetry; Angle (∡ G O X) ∧ Angle (∡ G O B) ∧ Angle (∡ G' O' B') by -, ANGLE; ∡ G O X ≡ ∡ G O B [G'O'Xeq] by angles, -, GOXeq, C5Symmetric, H2, C5Transitive; ¬(A,X same_side g) ∧ ¬(A,B same_side g) [Ansim_aXB] by g_line, GintAOX, H1, InteriorOpposite; A ∉ g ∧ B ∉ g ∧ X ∉ g [notABXg] by g_line, AOGncol, GOXncol, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, ∉; X,B same_side g by g_line, -, Ansim_aXB, AtMost2Sides; ray O X = ray O B by g_line, Distinct, notABXg, -, G'O'Xeq, C4Uniqueness; qed by -, Xexists, Angle_DEF; `;; let AngleOrderingUse = thm `; let A O B be point; let α be point_set; assume Angle α ∧ ¬Collinear A O B [H1]; assume α <_ang ∡ A O B [H3]; thus ∃ G. G ∈ int_angle A O B ∧ α ≡ ∡ A O G proof consider A' O' B' G' such that ¬Collinear A' O' B' ∧ ∡ A O B = ∡ A' O' B' ∧ G' ∈ int_angle A' O' B' ∧ α ≡ ∡ A' O' G' [H3'] by H3, AngleOrdering_DEF; Angle (∡ A O B) ∧ Angle (∡ A' O' B') ∧ Angle (∡ A' O' G') [angles] by H1, -, ANGLE, InteriorEZHelp; ∡ A' O' B' ≡ ∡ A O B by -, H3', C5Reflexive; consider G such that G ∈ int_angle A O B ∧ ∡ A' O' G' ≡ ∡ A O G [GintAOB] by H1, H3', -, OrderedCongruentAngles; α ≡ ∡ A O G by H1, angles, -, InteriorEZHelp, ANGLE, H3', GintAOB, C5Transitive; qed by -, GintAOB; `;; let AngleTrichotomy1 = thm `; let α β be point_set; assume α <_ang β [H1]; thus ¬(α ≡ β) proof assume α ≡ β [Con]; consider A O B G such that Angle α ∧ ¬Collinear A O B ∧ β = ∡ A O B ∧ G ∈ int_angle A O B ∧ α ≡ ∡ A O G [H1'] by H1, AngleOrdering_DEF; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) ∧ ¬Collinear A O G [Distinct] by H1', NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, InteriorEZHelp; consider a such that Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a [a_line] by Distinct, I1; consider b such that Line b ∧ O ∈ b ∧ B ∈ b [b_line] by Distinct, I1; B ∉ a [notBa] by a_line, H1', Collinear_DEF, ∉; G ∉ a ∧ G ∉ b ∧ G,B same_side a [GintAOB] by a_line, b_line, H1', InteriorUse; ∡ A O G ≡ α by H1', Distinct, ANGLE, C5Symmetric; ∡ A O G ≡ ∡ A O B by H1', Distinct, ANGLE, -, Con, C5Transitive; ray O B = ray O G by a_line, Distinct, notBa, GintAOB, -, C4Uniqueness; G ∈ b by Distinct, -, EndpointInRay, b_line, RayLine, SUBSET; qed by -, GintAOB, ∉; `;; let AngleTrichotomy2 = thm `; let α β γ be point_set; assume α <_ang β [H1]; assume Angle γ [H2]; assume β ≡ γ [H3]; thus α <_ang γ proof consider A O B G such that Angle α ∧ ¬Collinear A O B ∧ β = ∡ A O B ∧ G ∈ int_angle A O B ∧ α ≡ ∡ A O G [H1'] by H1, AngleOrdering_DEF; consider A' O' B' such that γ = ∡ A' O' B' ∧ ¬Collinear A' O' B' [γA'O'B'] by H2, ANGLE; consider G' such that G' ∈ int_angle A' O' B' ∧ ∡ A O G ≡ ∡ A' O' G' [G'intA'O'B'] by γA'O'B', H1', H3, OrderedCongruentAngles; ¬Collinear A O G ∧ ¬Collinear A' O' G' [ncol] by H1', -, InteriorEZHelp; α ≡ ∡ A' O' G' by H1', ANGLE, -, G'intA'O'B', C5Transitive; qed by H1', -, ncol, γA'O'B', G'intA'O'B', -, AngleOrdering_DEF; `;; let AngleOrderTransitivity = thm `; let α β γ be point_set; assume α <_ang β [H0]; assume β <_ang γ [H2]; thus α <_ang γ proof consider A O B G such that Angle β ∧ ¬Collinear A O B ∧ γ = ∡ A O B ∧ G ∈ int_angle A O B ∧ β ≡ ∡ A O G [H2'] by H2, AngleOrdering_DEF; ¬Collinear A O G [AOGncol] by H2', InteriorEZHelp; Angle α ∧ Angle (∡ A O G) ∧ Angle γ [angles] by H0, AngleOrdering_DEF, H2', -, ANGLE; α <_ang ∡ A O G by H0, H2', -, AngleTrichotomy2; consider F such that F ∈ int_angle A O G ∧ α ≡ ∡ A O F [FintAOG] by angles, AOGncol, -, AngleOrderingUse; F ∈ int_angle A O B by H2', -, InteriorTransitivity; qed by angles, H2', -, FintAOG, AngleOrdering_DEF; `;; let AngleTrichotomy = thm `; let α β be point_set; assume Angle α ∧ Angle β [H1]; thus (α ≡ β ∨ α <_ang β ∨ β <_ang α) ∧ ¬(α ≡ β ∧ α <_ang β) ∧ ¬(α ≡ β ∧ β <_ang α) ∧ ¬(α <_ang β ∧ β <_ang α) proof ¬(α ≡ β ∧ α <_ang β) [Not12] by AngleTrichotomy1; ¬(α ≡ β ∧ β <_ang α) [Not13] by H1, C5Symmetric, AngleTrichotomy1; ¬(α <_ang β ∧ β <_ang α) [Not23] by H1, AngleOrderTransitivity, AngleTrichotomy1, C5Reflexive; consider P O A such that α = ∡ P O A ∧ ¬Collinear P O A [POA] by H1, ANGLE; ¬(P = O) ∧ ¬(O = A) [Distinct] by -, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider a such that Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a [a_line] by -, I1; P ∉ a [notPa] by -, Distinct, I1, POA, Collinear_DEF, ∉; ∃! r. Ray r ∧ ∃ Q. ¬(O = Q) ∧ r = ray O Q ∧ Q ∉ a ∧ Q,P same_side a ∧ ∡ A O Q ≡ β by H1, Distinct, a_line, -, C4; consider Q such that ¬(O = Q) ∧ Q ∉ a ∧ Q,P same_side a ∧ ∡ A O Q ≡ β [Qexists] by -; O ∉ open (Q,P) [notQOP] by a_line, Qexists, SameSide_DEF, ∉; ¬Collinear A O P [AOPncol] by POA, CollinearSymmetry; ¬Collinear A O Q [AOQncol] by a_line, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, Qexists, ∉; Angle (∡ A O P) ∧ Angle (∡ A O Q) by AOPncol, -, ANGLE; α ≡ ∡ A O P ∧ β ≡ ∡ A O Q ∧ ∡ A O P ≡ α [flip] by H1, -, POA, AngleSymmetry, C5Reflexive, Qexists, C5Symmetric; cases; suppose Collinear Q O P; Collinear O P Q by -, CollinearSymmetry; Q ∈ ray O P ━ O by Distinct, -, notQOP, IN_Ray, Qexists, IN_DELETE; ray O Q = ray O P by Distinct, -, RayWellDefined; ∡ P O A = ∡ A O Q by -, Angle_DEF, AngleSymmetry; α ≡ β by -, POA, Qexists; qed by -, Not12, Not13, Not23; suppose ¬Collinear Q O P; P ∈ int_angle Q O A ∨ Q ∈ int_angle P O A by Distinct, a_line, Qexists, notPa, -, AngleOrdering; P ∈ int_angle A O Q ∨ Q ∈ int_angle A O P by -, InteriorAngleSymmetry; α <_ang ∡ A O Q ∨ β <_ang ∡ A O P by H1, AOQncol, AOPncol, -, flip, AngleOrdering_DEF; α <_ang β ∨ β <_ang α by H1, -, Qexists, flip, AngleTrichotomy2; qed by -, Not12, Not13, Not23; end; `;; let SupplementExists = thm `; let α be point_set; assume Angle α [H1]; thus ∃ α'. α suppl α' proof consider A O B such that α = ∡ A O B ∧ ¬Collinear A O B ∧ ¬(A = O) [def_α] by H1, ANGLE, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider A' such that O ∈ open (A,A') by -, B2'; ∡ A O B suppl ∡ A' O B [AOBsup] by def_α, -, SupplementaryAngles_DEF, AngleSymmetry; qed by -, def_α; `;; let SupplementImpliesAngle = thm `; let α β be point_set; assume α suppl β [H1]; thus Angle α ∧ Angle β proof consider A O B A' such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ O ∈ open (A,A') ∧ α = ∡ A O B ∧ β = ∡ B O A' [H1'] by H1, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ¬(O = A') ∧ Collinear A O A' [Distinct] by -, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, B1'; ¬Collinear B O A' by H1', CollinearSymmetry, -, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; qed by H1', -, ANGLE; `;; let RightImpliesAngle = thm `; ∀ α: point_set. Right α ⇒ Angle α by RightAngle_DEF, SupplementImpliesAngle; `;; let SupplementSymmetry = thm `; let α β be point_set; assume α suppl β [H1]; thus β suppl α proof consider A O B A' such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ O ∈ open (A,A') ∧ α = ∡ A O B ∧ β = ∡ B O A' [H1'] by H1, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ¬(O = A') ∧ Collinear A O A' by -, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, B1'; ¬Collinear A' O B [A'OBncol] by H1', CollinearSymmetry, -, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; O ∈ open (A',A) ∧ β = ∡ A' O B ∧ α = ∡ B O A by H1', B1', AngleSymmetry; qed by A'OBncol, -, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; `;; let SupplementsCongAnglesCong = thm `; let α β α' β' be point_set; assume α suppl α' ∧ β suppl β' [H1]; assume α ≡ β [H2]; thus α' ≡ β' proof consider A O B A' such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ O ∈ open (A,A') ∧ α = ∡ A O B ∧ α' = ∡ B O A' [def_α] by H1, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) ∧ ¬(A = A') ∧ ¬(O = A') ∧ Collinear A O A' [Distinctα] by -, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, B1'; ¬Collinear B A A' ∧ ¬Collinear O A' B [BAA'ncol] by def_α, CollinearSymmetry, -, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; Segment (seg O A) ∧ Segment (seg O B) ∧ Segment (seg O A') [Osegments] by Distinctα, SEGMENT; consider C P D C' such that ¬Collinear C P D ∧ P ∈ open (C,C') ∧ β = ∡ C P D ∧ β' = ∡ D P C' [def_β] by H1, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ¬(C = P) ∧ ¬(P = D) ∧ ¬(P = C') [Distinctβ] by def_β, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, B1'; consider X such that X ∈ ray P C ━ P ∧ seg P X ≡ seg O A [defX] by Osegments, Distinctβ, C1; consider Y such that Y ∈ ray P D ━ P ∧ seg P Y ≡ seg O B ∧ ¬(Y = P) [defY] by Osegments, Distinctβ, C1, IN_DELETE; consider X' such that X' ∈ ray P C' ━ P ∧ seg P X' ≡ seg O A' [defX'] by Osegments, Distinctβ, C1; P ∈ open (X',C) ∧ P ∈ open (X,X') [XPX'] by def_β, -, OppositeRaysIntersect1pointHelp, defX; ¬(X = P) ∧ ¬(X' = P) ∧ Collinear X P X' ∧ ¬(X = X') ∧ ray A' O = ray A' A ∧ ray X' P = ray X' X [XPX'line] by defX, defX', IN_DELETE, -, B1', def_α, IntervalRay; Collinear P D Y ∧ Collinear P C X by defY, defX, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; ¬Collinear C P Y ∧ ¬Collinear X P Y [XPYncol] by def_β, -, defY, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine, CollinearSymmetry, XPX'line; ¬Collinear Y X X' ∧ ¬Collinear P X' Y [YXX'ncol] by -, CollinearSymmetry, XPX', XPX'line, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ray P X = ray P C ∧ ray P Y = ray P D ∧ ray P X' = ray P C' [equalPrays] by Distinctβ, defX, defY, defX', RayWellDefined; β = ∡ X P Y ∧ β' = ∡ Y P X' ∧ ∡ A O B ≡ ∡ X P Y [AOBeqXPY] by def_β, -, Angle_DEF, H2, def_α; seg O A ≡ seg P X ∧ seg O B ≡ seg P Y ∧ seg A' O ≡ seg X' P [OAeq] by Osegments, XPX'line, SEGMENT, defX, defY, defX', C2Symmetric, SegmentSymmetry; seg A A' ≡ seg X X' [AA'eq] by def_α, XPX'line, XPX', -, SegmentSymmetry, C3; A,O,B ≅ X,P,Y by def_α, XPYncol, OAeq, AOBeqXPY, SAS; seg A B ≡ seg X Y ∧ ∡ B A O ≡ ∡ Y X P [AOB≅] by -, TriangleCong_DEF, AngleSymmetry; ray A O = ray A A' ∧ ray X P = ray X X' ∧ ∡ B A A' ≡ ∡ Y X X' by def_α, XPX', IntervalRay, -, Angle_DEF; B,A,A' ≅ Y,X,X' by BAA'ncol, YXX'ncol, AOB≅, -, AA'eq, -, SAS; seg A' B ≡ seg X' Y ∧ ∡ A A' B ≡ ∡ X X' Y by -, TriangleCong_DEF, SegmentSymmetry; O,A',B ≅ P,X',Y by BAA'ncol, YXX'ncol, OAeq, -, XPX'line, Angle_DEF, SAS; ∡ B O A' ≡ ∡ Y P X' by -, TriangleCong_DEF; qed by -, equalPrays, def_β, Angle_DEF, def_α; `;; let SupplementUnique = thm `; ∀ α β β': point_set. α suppl β ∧ α suppl β' ⇒ β ≡ β' by SupplementaryAngles_DEF, ANGLE, C5Reflexive, SupplementsCongAnglesCong; `;; let CongRightImpliesRight = thm `; let α β be point_set; assume Angle α ∧ Right β [H1]; assume α ≡ β [H2]; thus Right α proof consider α' β' such that α suppl α' ∧ β suppl β' ∧ β ≡ β' [suppl] by H1, SupplementExists, H1, RightAngle_DEF; α' ≡ β' [α'eqβ'] by suppl, H2, SupplementsCongAnglesCong; Angle β ∧ Angle α' ∧ Angle β' by suppl, SupplementImpliesAngle; α ≡ α' by H1, -, H2, suppl, α'eqβ', C5Symmetric, C5Transitive; qed by suppl, -, RightAngle_DEF; `;; let RightAnglesCongruentHelp = thm `; let A O B A' P be point; let a be point_set; assume ¬Collinear A O B ∧ O ∈ open (A,A') [H1]; assume Right (∡ A O B) ∧ Right (∡ A O P) [H2]; thus P ∉ int_angle A O B proof assume ¬(P ∉ int_angle A O B); P ∈ int_angle A O B [PintAOB] by -, ∉; B ∈ int_angle P O A' ∧ B ∈ int_angle A' O P [BintA'OP] by H1, -, InteriorReflectionInterior, InteriorAngleSymmetry ; ¬Collinear A O P ∧ ¬Collinear P O A' [AOPncol] by PintAOB, InteriorEZHelp, -, IN_InteriorAngle; ∡ A O B suppl ∡ B O A' ∧ ∡ A O P suppl ∡ P O A' [AOBsup] by H1, -, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; consider α' β' such that ∡ A O B suppl α' ∧ ∡ A O B ≡ α' ∧ ∡ A O P suppl β' ∧ ∡ A O P ≡ β' [supplα'] by H2, RightAngle_DEF; α' ≡ ∡ B O A' ∧ β' ≡ ∡ P O A' [α'eqA'OB] by -, AOBsup, SupplementUnique; Angle (∡ A O B) ∧ Angle α' ∧ Angle (∡ B O A') ∧ Angle (∡ A O P) ∧ Angle β' ∧ Angle (∡ P O A') [angles] by AOBsup, supplα', SupplementImpliesAngle, AngleSymmetry; ∡ A O B ≡ ∡ B O A' ∧ ∡ A O P ≡ ∡ P O A' [H2'] by -, supplα', α'eqA'OB, C5Transitive; ∡ A O P ≡ ∡ A O P ∧ ∡ B O A' ≡ ∡ B O A' [refl] by angles, C5Reflexive; ∡ A O P <_ang ∡ A O B ∧ ∡ B O A' <_ang ∡ P O A' [BOA'lessPOA'] by angles, H1, PintAOB, -, AngleOrdering_DEF, AOPncol, CollinearSymmetry, BintA'OP, AngleSymmetry; ∡ A O P <_ang ∡ B O A' by -, angles, H2', AngleTrichotomy2; ∡ A O P <_ang ∡ P O A' by -, BOA'lessPOA', AngleOrderTransitivity; qed by -, H2', AngleTrichotomy1; `;; let RightAnglesCongruent = thm `; let α β be point_set; assume Right α ∧ Right β [H1]; thus α ≡ β proof consider α' such that α suppl α' ∧ α ≡ α' by H1, RightAngle_DEF; consider A O B A' such that ¬Collinear A O B ∧ O ∈ open (A,A') ∧ α = ∡ A O B ∧ α' = ∡ B O A' [def_α] by -, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) [Distinct] by def_α, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, B1'; consider a such that Line a ∧ O ∈ a ∧ A ∈ a [a_line] by Distinct, I1; B ∉ a [notBa] by -, def_α, Collinear_DEF, ∉; Angle β by H1, RightImpliesAngle; ∃! r. Ray r ∧ ∃ P. ¬(O = P) ∧ r = ray O P ∧ P ∉ a ∧ P,B same_side a ∧ ∡ A O P ≡ β by -, Distinct, a_line, notBa, C4; consider P such that ¬(O = P) ∧ P ∉ a ∧ P,B same_side a ∧ ∡ A O P ≡ β [defP] by -; O ∉ open (P,B) [notPOB] by a_line, -, SameSide_DEF, ∉; ¬Collinear A O P [AOPncol] by a_line, Distinct, I1, defP, Collinear_DEF, ∉; Right (∡ A O P) [AOPright] by -, ANGLE, H1, defP, CongRightImpliesRight; P ∉ int_angle A O B ∧ B ∉ int_angle A O P by def_α, H1, -, AOPncol, AOPright, RightAnglesCongruentHelp; Collinear P O B by Distinct, a_line, defP, notBa, -, AngleOrdering, InteriorAngleSymmetry, ∉; P ∈ ray O B ━ O by Distinct, -, CollinearSymmetry, notPOB, IN_Ray, defP, IN_DELETE; ray O P = ray O B ∧ ∡ A O P = ∡ A O B by Distinct, -, RayWellDefined, Angle_DEF; qed by -, defP, def_α; `;; let OppositeRightAnglesLinear = thm `; let A B O H be point; let h be point_set; assume ¬Collinear A O H ∧ ¬Collinear H O B [H0]; assume Right (∡ A O H) ∧ Right (∡ H O B) [H1]; assume Line h ∧ O ∈ h ∧ H ∈ h ∧ ¬(A,B same_side h) [H2]; thus O ∈ open (A,B) proof ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = H) ∧ ¬(O = B) [Distinct] by H0, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; A ∉ h ∧ B ∉ h [notABh] by H0, H2, Collinear_DEF, ∉; consider E such that O ∈ open (A,E) ∧ ¬(E = O) [AOE] by Distinct, B2', B1'; ∡ A O H suppl ∡ H O E [AOHsupplHOE] by H0, -, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; E ∉ h [notEh] by H2, ∉, AOE, BetweenLinear, notABh; ¬(A,E same_side h) by H2, AOE, SameSide_DEF; B,E same_side h [Bsim_hE] by H2, notABh, notEh, -, H2, AtMost2Sides; consider α' such that ∡ A O H suppl α' ∧ ∡ A O H ≡ α' [AOHsupplα'] by H1, RightAngle_DEF; Angle (∡ H O B) ∧ Angle (∡ A O H) ∧ Angle α' ∧ Angle (∡ H O E) [angα'] by H1, RightImpliesAngle, -, AOHsupplHOE, SupplementImpliesAngle; ∡ H O B ≡ ∡ A O H ∧ α' ≡ ∡ H O E by H1, RightAnglesCongruent, AOHsupplα', AOHsupplHOE, SupplementUnique; ∡ H O B ≡ ∡ H O E by angα', -, AOHsupplα', C5Transitive; ray O B = ray O E by H2, Distinct, notABh, notEh, Bsim_hE, -, C4Uniqueness; B ∈ ray O E ━ O by Distinct, EndpointInRay, -, IN_DELETE; qed by AOE, -, OppositeRaysIntersect1pointHelp, B1'; `;; let RightImpliesSupplRight = thm `; let A O B A' be point; assume ¬Collinear A O B [H1]; assume O ∈ open (A,A') [H2]; assume Right (∡ A O B) [H3]; thus Right (∡ B O A') proof ∡ A O B suppl ∡ B O A' ∧ Angle (∡ A O B) ∧ Angle (∡ B O A') [AOBsuppl] by H1, H2, SupplementaryAngles_DEF, SupplementImpliesAngle; consider β such that ∡ A O B suppl β ∧ ∡ A O B ≡ β [βsuppl] by H3, RightAngle_DEF; Angle β ∧ β ≡ ∡ A O B [angβ] by -, SupplementImpliesAngle, C5Symmetric; ∡ B O A' ≡ β by AOBsuppl, βsuppl, SupplementUnique; ∡ B O A' ≡ ∡ A O B by AOBsuppl, angβ, -, βsuppl, C5Transitive; qed by AOBsuppl, H3, -, CongRightImpliesRight; `;; let IsoscelesCongBaseAngles = thm `; let A B C be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; assume seg B A ≡ seg B C [H2]; thus ∡ C A B ≡ ∡ A C B proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬Collinear C B A [CBAncol] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, CollinearSymmetry; seg B C ≡ seg B A ∧ ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ C B A by -, SEGMENT, H2, C2Symmetric, H1, ANGLE, AngleSymmetry, C5Reflexive; A,B,C ≅ C,B,A by H1, CBAncol, H2, -, SAS; qed by -, TriangleCong_DEF; `;; let C4withC1 = thm `; let α l be point_set; let O A Y P Q be point; assume Angle α ∧ ¬(O = A) ∧ ¬(P = Q) [H1]; assume Line l ∧ O ∈ l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ Y ∉ l [l_line]; thus ∃ N. ¬(O = N) ∧ N ∉ l ∧ N,Y same_side l ∧ seg O N ≡ seg P Q ∧ ∡ A O N ≡ α proof ∃! r. Ray r ∧ ∃ B. ¬(O = B) ∧ r = ray O B ∧ B ∉ l ∧ B,Y same_side l ∧ ∡ A O B ≡ α by H1, l_line, C4; consider B such that ¬(O = B) ∧ B ∉ l ∧ B,Y same_side l ∧ ∡ A O B ≡ α [Bexists] by -; consider N such that N ∈ ray O B ━ O ∧ seg O N ≡ seg P Q [Nexists] by H1, -, SEGMENT, C1; ¬(O = N) [notON] by -, IN_DELETE; N ∉ l ∧ N,B same_side l [notNl] by l_line, Bexists, Nexists, RaySameSide; N,Y same_side l [Nsim_lY] by l_line, -, Bexists, SameSideTransitive; ray O N = ray O B ∧ ∡ A O N ≡ α by Bexists, Nexists, RayWellDefined, Angle_DEF; qed by notON, notNl, Nsim_lY, Nexists, -; `;; let C4OppositeSide = thm `; let α l be point_set; let O A Z P Q be point; assume Angle α ∧ ¬(O = A) ∧ ¬(P = Q) [H1]; assume Line l ∧ O ∈ l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ Z ∉ l [l_line]; thus ∃ N. ¬(O = N) ∧ N ∉ l ∧ ¬(Z,N same_side l) ∧ seg O N ≡ seg P Q ∧ ∡ A O N ≡ α proof ¬(Z = O) by l_line, ∉; consider Y such that O ∈ open (Z,Y) [ZOY] by -, B2'; ¬(O = Y) ∧ Collinear Z O Y by -, B1'; Y ∉ l [notYl] by l_line, I1, -, Collinear_DEF, ∉; consider N such that ¬(O = N) ∧ N ∉ l ∧ N,Y same_side l ∧ seg O N ≡ seg P Q ∧ ∡ A O N ≡ α [Nexists] by H1, l_line, notYl, C4withC1; ¬(Z,Y same_side l) by l_line, ZOY, SameSide_DEF; ¬(Z,N same_side l) by l_line, Nexists, notYl, -, SameSideTransitive; qed by -, Nexists; `;; let SSS = thm `; let A B C A' B' C' be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear A' B' C' [H1]; assume seg A B ≡ seg A' B' ∧ seg A C ≡ seg A' C' ∧ seg B C ≡ seg B' C' [H2]; thus A,B,C ≅ A',B',C' proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(A' = B') ∧ ¬(B' = C') [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider h such that Line h ∧ A ∈ h ∧ C ∈ h [h_line] by Distinct, I1; B ∉ h [notBh] by h_line, H1, ∉, Collinear_DEF; Segment (seg A B) ∧ Segment (seg C B) ∧ Segment (seg A' B') ∧ Segment (seg C' B') [segments] by Distinct, -, SEGMENT; Angle (∡ C' A' B') by H1, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE; consider N such that ¬(A = N) ∧ N ∉ h ∧ ¬(B,N same_side h) ∧ seg A N ≡ seg A' B' ∧ ∡ C A N ≡ ∡ C' A' B' [Nexists] by -, Distinct, h_line, notBh, C4OppositeSide; ¬(C = N) by h_line, Nexists, ∉; Segment (seg A N) ∧ Segment (seg C N) [segN] by Nexists, -, SEGMENT; ¬Collinear A N C [ANCncol] by h_line, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, Nexists, ∉; Angle (∡ A B C) ∧ Angle (∡ A' B' C') ∧ Angle (∡ A N C) [angles] by H1, -, ANGLE; seg A B ≡ seg A N [ABeqAN] by segments, segN, Nexists, H2, C2Symmetric, C2Transitive; C,A,N ≅ C',A',B' by ANCncol, H1, CollinearSymmetry, H2, Nexists, SAS; ∡ A N C ≡ ∡ A' B' C' ∧ seg C N ≡ seg C' B' [ANCeq] by -, TriangleCong_DEF; seg C B ≡ seg C N [CBeqCN] by segments, segN, -, H2, SegmentSymmetry, C2Symmetric, C2Transitive; consider G such that G ∈ h ∧ G ∈ open (B,N) [BGN] by Nexists, h_line, SameSide_DEF; ¬(B = N) [notBN] by -, B1'; ray B G = ray B N ∧ ray N G = ray N B [Grays] by BGN, B1', IntervalRay; consider v such that Line v ∧ B ∈ v ∧ N ∈ v [v_line] by notBN, I1; G ∈ v ∧ ¬(h = v) by v_line, BGN, BetweenLinear, notBh, ∉; h ∩ v = {G} [hvG] by h_line, v_line, -, BGN, I1Uniqueness; ¬(G = A) ⇒ ∡ A B G ≡ ∡ A N G [ABGeqANG] proof assume ¬(G = A) [notGA]; A ∉ v by hvG, h_line, -, EquivIntersectionHelp, IN_DELETE; ¬Collinear B A N by v_line, notBN, I1, Collinear_DEF, -, ∉; ∡ N B A ≡ ∡ B N A by -, ABeqAN, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles; ∡ G B A ≡ ∡ G N A by -, Grays, Angle_DEF, notGA; qed by -, AngleSymmetry; ¬(G = C) ⇒ ∡ G B C ≡ ∡ G N C [GBCeqGNC] proof assume ¬(G = C) [notGC]; C ∉ v by hvG, h_line, -, EquivIntersectionHelp, IN_DELETE; ¬Collinear B C N by v_line, notBN, I1, Collinear_DEF, -, ∉; ∡ N B C ≡ ∡ B N C by -, CBeqCN, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles, AngleSymmetry; qed by -, Grays, Angle_DEF; ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ A N C proof cases; suppose G = A [GA]; ¬(G = C) by -, Distinct; qed by -, GBCeqGNC, GA; suppose G = C [GC]; ¬(G = A) by -, Distinct; qed by -, ABGeqANG, GC; suppose ¬(G = A) ∧ ¬(G = C) [AGCdistinct]; ∡ A B G ≡ ∡ A N G ∧ ∡ G B C ≡ ∡ G N C [Gequivs] by -, ABGeqANG, GBCeqGNC; ¬Collinear G B C ∧ ¬Collinear G N C ∧ ¬Collinear G B A ∧ ¬Collinear G N A [Gncols] by h_line, BGN, AGCdistinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, notBh, Nexists, ∉; Collinear A G C by h_line, BGN, Collinear_DEF; G ∈ open (A,C) ∨ C ∈ open (G,A) ∨ A ∈ open (C,G) by Distinct, AGCdistinct, -, B3'; cases by -; suppose G ∈ open (A,C); G ∈ int_angle A B C ∧ G ∈ int_angle A N C by H1, ANCncol, -, ConverseCrossbar; qed by -, Gequivs, AngleAddition; suppose C ∈ open (G,A); C ∈ int_angle G B A ∧ C ∈ int_angle G N A by Gncols, -, B1', ConverseCrossbar; qed by -, Gequivs, AngleSubtraction, AngleSymmetry; suppose A ∈ open (C,G); A ∈ int_angle G B C ∧ A ∈ int_angle G N C by Gncols, -, B1', ConverseCrossbar; qed by -, Gequivs, AngleSymmetry, AngleSubtraction; end; end; ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ A' B' C' by angles, -, ANCeq, C5Transitive; qed by H1, H2, SegmentSymmetry, -, SAS; `;; let AngleBisector = thm `; let A B C be point; assume ¬Collinear B A C [H1]; thus ∃ F. F ∈ int_angle B A C ∧ ∡ B A F ≡ ∡ F A C proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider D such that B ∈ open (A,D) [ABD] by Distinct, B2'; ¬(A = D) ∧ Collinear A B D ∧ Segment (seg A D) [ABD'] by -, B1', SEGMENT; consider E such that E ∈ ray A C ━ A ∧ seg A E ≡ seg A D ∧ ¬(A = E) [ErAC] by -, Distinct, C1, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; Collinear A C E ∧ D ∈ ray A B ━ A [notAE] by ErAC, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray, ABD, IntervalRayEZ; ray A D = ray A B ∧ ray A E = ray A C [equalrays] by Distinct, notAE, ErAC, RayWellDefined; ¬Collinear D A E ∧ ¬Collinear E A D ∧ ¬Collinear A E D [EADncol] by H1, ABD', notAE, ErAC, CollinearSymmetry, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ∡ D E A ≡ ∡ E D A [DEAeq] by EADncol, ErAC, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles; ¬Collinear E D A ∧ Angle (∡ E D A) ∧ ¬Collinear A D E ∧ ¬Collinear D E A [angEDA] by EADncol, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE; ¬(D = E) [notDE] by EADncol, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider h such that Line h ∧ D ∈ h ∧ E ∈ h [h_line] by -, I1; A ∉ h [notAh] by -, Collinear_DEF, EADncol, ∉; consider F such that ¬(D = F) ∧ F ∉ h ∧ ¬(A,F same_side h) ∧ seg D F ≡ seg D A ∧ ∡ E D F ≡ ∡ E D A [Fexists] by angEDA, notDE, ABD', h_line, -, C4OppositeSide; ¬(A = F) [notAF] by h_line, -, SameSideReflexive; ¬Collinear E D F ∧ ¬Collinear D E F ∧ ¬Collinear F E D [EDFncol] by h_line, notDE, I1, Collinear_DEF, Fexists, ∉; seg D E ≡ seg D E ∧ seg F A ≡ seg F A [FArefl] by notDE, notAF, SEGMENT, C2Reflexive; E,D,F ≅ E,D,A by EDFncol, angEDA, -, Fexists, SAS; seg F E ≡ seg A E ∧ ∡ F E D ≡ ∡ A E D [FED≅] by -, TriangleCong_DEF, SegmentSymmetry; ∡ E D A ≡ ∡ D E A ∧ ∡ E D A ≡ ∡ E D F ∧ ∡ D E A ≡ ∡ D E F [EDAeqEDF] by EDFncol, ANGLE, angEDA, Fexists, FED≅, DEAeq, C5Symmetric, AngleSymmetry; consider G such that G ∈ h ∧ G ∈ open (A,F) [AGF] by Fexists, h_line, SameSide_DEF; F ∈ ray A G ━ A [FrAG] by -, IntervalRayEZ; consider v such that Line v ∧ A ∈ v ∧ F ∈ v ∧ G ∈ v [v_line] by notAF, I1, AGF, BetweenLinear; ¬(v = h) ∧ v ∩ h = {G} [vhG] by -, notAh, ∉, h_line, AGF, I1Uniqueness; D ∉ v [notDv] proof assume ¬(D ∉ v); D ∈ v ∧ D = G [DG] by h_line, -, ∉, vhG, IN_INTER, IN_SING; D ∈ open (A,F) by DG, AGF; ∡ E D A suppl ∡ E D F [EDAsuppl] by angEDA, -, SupplementaryAngles_DEF, AngleSymmetry; Right (∡ E D A) by EDAsuppl, EDAeqEDF, RightAngle_DEF; Right (∡ A E D) [RightAED] by angEDA, ANGLE, -, DEAeq, CongRightImpliesRight, AngleSymmetry; Right (∡ D E F) by EDFncol, ANGLE, -, FED≅, CongRightImpliesRight, AngleSymmetry; E ∈ open (A,F) by EADncol, EDFncol, RightAED, -, h_line, Fexists, OppositeRightAnglesLinear; E ∈ v ∧ E = G by v_line, -, BetweenLinear, h_line, vhG, IN_INTER, IN_SING; qed by -, DG, notDE; E ∉ v [notEv] proof assume ¬(E ∉ v); E ∈ v ∧ E = G [EG] by h_line, -, ∉, vhG, IN_INTER, IN_SING; E ∈ open (A,F) by -, AGF; ∡ D E A suppl ∡ D E F [DEAsuppl] by EADncol, -, SupplementaryAngles_DEF, AngleSymmetry; Right (∡ D E A) [RightDEA] by DEAsuppl, EDAeqEDF, RightAngle_DEF; Right (∡ E D A) [RightEDA] by angEDA, RightDEA, EDAeqEDF, CongRightImpliesRight; Right (∡ E D F) by EDFncol, ANGLE, RightEDA, Fexists, CongRightImpliesRight; D ∈ open (A,F) by angEDA, EDFncol, RightEDA, AngleSymmetry, -, h_line, Fexists, OppositeRightAnglesLinear; D ∈ v ∧ D = G by v_line, -, BetweenLinear, h_line, vhG, IN_INTER, IN_SING; qed by -, EG, notDE; ¬Collinear F A E ∧ ¬Collinear F A D ∧ ¬(F = E) [FAEncol] by v_line, notAF, I1, Collinear_DEF, notEv, notDv, ∉, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; seg F E ≡ seg A D [FEeqAD] by -, ErAC, ABD', SEGMENT, FED≅, ErAC, C2Transitive; seg A D ≡ seg F D by SegmentSymmetry, ABD', Fexists, SEGMENT, C2Symmetric; seg F E ≡ seg F D by FAEncol, ABD', Fexists, SEGMENT, FEeqAD, -, C2Transitive; F,A,E ≅ F,A,D by FAEncol, FArefl, -, ErAC, SSS; ∡ F A E ≡ ∡ F A D [FAEeq] by -, TriangleCong_DEF; ∡ D A F ≡ ∡ F A E by FAEncol, ANGLE, FAEeq, C5Symmetric, AngleSymmetry; ∡ B A F ≡ ∡ F A C [BAFeqFAC] by -, equalrays, Angle_DEF; ¬(E,D same_side v) proof assume E,D same_side v; ray A D = ray A E by v_line, notAF, notDv, notEv, -, FAEeq, C4Uniqueness; qed by ABD', EndpointInRay, -, IN_Ray, EADncol; consider H such that H ∈ v ∧ H ∈ open (E,D) [EHD] by v_line, -, SameSide_DEF; H = G by -, h_line, BetweenLinear, IN_INTER, vhG, IN_SING; G ∈ int_angle E A D [GintEAD] by EADncol, -, EHD, ConverseCrossbar; F ∈ int_angle E A D [FintEAD] by GintEAD, FrAG, WholeRayInterior; B ∈ ray A D ━ A ∧ C ∈ ray A E ━ A by equalrays, Distinct, EndpointInRay, IN_DELETE; F ∈ int_angle B A C by FintEAD, -, InteriorWellDefined, InteriorAngleSymmetry; qed by -, BAFeqFAC; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_6 = thm `; let A B C be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; assume ∡ B A C ≡ ∡ B C A [H2]; thus seg B A ≡ seg B C proof ¬(A = C) by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; seg C A ≡ seg A C [CAeqAC] by SegmentSymmetry, -, SEGMENT, C2Reflexive; ¬Collinear B C A ∧ ¬Collinear C B A ∧ ¬Collinear B A C [BCAncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry; ∡ A C B ≡ ∡ C A B by -, ANGLE, H2, C5Symmetric, AngleSymmetry; C,B,A ≅ A,B,C by H1, BCAncol, CAeqAC, H2, -, ASA; qed by -, TriangleCong_DEF; `;; let IsoscelesExists = thm `; let A B be point; assume ¬(A = B) [H1]; thus ∃ D. ¬Collinear A D B ∧ seg D A ≡ seg D B proof consider l such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l [l_line] by H1, I1; consider C such that C ∉ l [notCl] by -, ExistsPointOffLine; ¬Collinear C A B ∧ ¬Collinear C B A ∧ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear A C B ∧ ¬Collinear B A C [CABncol] by l_line, H1, I1, Collinear_DEF, -, ∉; ∡ C A B ≡ ∡ C B A ∨ ∡ C A B <_ang ∡ C B A ∨ ∡ C B A <_ang ∡ C A B by -, ANGLE, AngleTrichotomy; cases by -; suppose ∡ C A B ≡ ∡ C B A; qed by -, CABncol, EuclidPropositionI_6; suppose ∡ C A B <_ang ∡ C B A; ∡ C A B <_ang ∡ A B C by -, AngleSymmetry; consider E such that E ∈ int_angle A B C ∧ ∡ C A B ≡ ∡ A B E [Eexists] by CABncol, ANGLE, -, AngleOrderingUse; ¬(B = E) [notBE] by -, InteriorEZHelp; consider D such that D ∈ open (A,C) ∧ D ∈ ray B E ━ B [Dexists] by Eexists, Crossbar_THM; D ∈ int_angle A B C by Eexists, -, WholeRayInterior; ¬Collinear A D B [ADBncol] by -, InteriorEZHelp, CollinearSymmetry; ray B D = ray B E ∧ ray A D = ray A C by notBE, Dexists, RayWellDefined, IntervalRay; ∡ D A B ≡ ∡ A B D by Eexists, -, Angle_DEF; qed by ADBncol, -, AngleSymmetry, EuclidPropositionI_6; :: similar case suppose ∡ C B A <_ang ∡ C A B; ∡ C B A <_ang ∡ B A C by -, AngleSymmetry; consider E such that E ∈ int_angle B A C ∧ ∡ C B A ≡ ∡ B A E [Eexists] by CABncol, ANGLE, -, AngleOrderingUse; ¬(A = E) [notAE] by -, InteriorEZHelp; consider D such that D ∈ open (B,C) ∧ D ∈ ray A E ━ A [Dexists] by Eexists, Crossbar_THM; D ∈ int_angle B A C by Eexists, -, WholeRayInterior; ¬Collinear A D B ∧ ¬Collinear D A B ∧ ¬Collinear D B A [ADBncol] by -, InteriorEZHelp, CollinearSymmetry; ray A D = ray A E ∧ ray B D = ray B C by notAE, Dexists, RayWellDefined, IntervalRay; ∡ D B A ≡ ∡ B A D by Eexists, -, Angle_DEF; ∡ D A B ≡ ∡ D B A by AngleSymmetry, ADBncol, ANGLE, -, C5Symmetric; qed by ADBncol, -, EuclidPropositionI_6; end; `;; let MidpointExists = thm `; let A B be point; assume ¬(A = B) [H1]; thus ∃ M. M ∈ open (A,B) ∧ seg A M ≡ seg M B proof consider D such that ¬Collinear A D B ∧ seg D A ≡ seg D B [Dexists] by H1, IsoscelesExists; consider F such that F ∈ int_angle A D B ∧ ∡ A D F ≡ ∡ F D B [Fexists] by -, AngleBisector; ¬(D = F) [notDF] by -, InteriorEZHelp; consider M such that M ∈ open (A,B) ∧ M ∈ ray D F ━ D [Mexists] by Fexists, Crossbar_THM; ray D M = ray D F by notDF, -, RayWellDefined; ∡ A D M ≡ ∡ M D B [ADMeqMDB] by Fexists, -, Angle_DEF; M ∈ int_angle A D B by Fexists, Mexists, WholeRayInterior; ¬(D = M) ∧ ¬Collinear A D M ∧ ¬Collinear B D M [ADMncol] by -, InteriorEZHelp, InteriorAngleSymmetry; seg D M ≡ seg D M by -, SEGMENT, C2Reflexive; A,D,M ≅ B,D,M by ADMncol, Dexists, -, ADMeqMDB, AngleSymmetry, SAS; qed by Mexists, -, TriangleCong_DEF, SegmentSymmetry; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_7short = thm `; let A B C D be point; let a be point_set; assume ¬(A = B) ∧ Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a [a_line]; assume ¬(C = D) ∧ C ∉ a ∧ D ∉ a ∧ C,D same_side a [Csim_aD]; assume seg A C ≡ seg A D [ACeqAD]; thus ¬(seg B C ≡ seg B D) proof ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(A = D) [AnotCD] by a_line, Csim_aD, ∉; assume seg B C ≡ seg B D; seg C B ≡ seg D B ∧ seg A B ≡ seg A B ∧ seg A D ≡ seg A D [segeqs] by -, SegmentSymmetry, a_line, AnotCD, SEGMENT, C2Reflexive; ¬Collinear A C B ∧ ¬Collinear A D B by a_line, I1, Csim_aD, Collinear_DEF, ∉; A,C,B ≅ A,D,B by -, ACeqAD, segeqs, SSS; ∡ B A C ≡ ∡ B A D by -, TriangleCong_DEF; ray A D = ray A C by a_line, Csim_aD, -, C4Uniqueness; C ∈ ray A D ━ A ∧ D ∈ ray A D ━ A by AnotCD, -, EndpointInRay, IN_DELETE; C = D by AnotCD, SEGMENT, -, ACeqAD, segeqs, C1; qed by -, Csim_aD; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_7Help = thm `; let A B C D be point; let a be point_set; assume ¬(A = B) [notAB]; assume Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a [a_line]; assume ¬(C = D) ∧ C ∉ a ∧ D ∉ a ∧ C,D same_side a [Csim_aD]; assume seg A C ≡ seg A D [ACeqAD]; assume C ∈ int_triangle D A B ∨ ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D [Int_ConvQuad]; thus ¬(seg B C ≡ seg B D) proof ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(A = D) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(B = D) [Distinct] by a_line, Csim_aD, ∉, SameSide_DEF; cases by Int_ConvQuad; suppose ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D; A ∈ int_angle B C D ∧ B ∈ int_angle C D A ∧ Tetralateral A B C D [ABint] by -, ConvexQuad_DEF, Quadrilateral_DEF; ¬Collinear B C D ∧ ¬Collinear D C B ∧ ¬Collinear C B D ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ ¬Collinear D A C ∧ Angle (∡ D C A) ∧ Angle (∡ C D B) [angCDB] by -, Tetralateral_DEF, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE; ∡ C D A ≡ ∡ D C A [CDAeqDCA] by angCDB, Distinct, SEGMENT, ACeqAD, C2Symmetric, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles; A ∈ int_angle D C B ∧ ∡ D C A ≡ ∡ D C A ∧ ∡ C D B ≡ ∡ C D B by ABint, InteriorAngleSymmetry, angCDB, ANGLE, C5Reflexive; ∡ D C A <_ang ∡ D C B ∧ ∡ C D B <_ang ∡ C D A by angCDB, ABint, -, AngleOrdering_DEF; ∡ C D B <_ang ∡ D C B by -, angCDB, CDAeqDCA, AngleTrichotomy2, AngleOrderTransitivity; ¬(∡ D C B ≡ ∡ C D B) by -, AngleTrichotomy1, angCDB, ANGLE, C5Symmetric; qed by angCDB, -, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles; suppose C ∈ int_triangle D A B; C ∈ int_angle A D B ∧ C ∈ int_angle D A B [CintADB] by -, IN_InteriorTriangle, InteriorAngleSymmetry; ¬Collinear A D C ∧ ¬Collinear B D C [ADCncol] by CintADB, InteriorEZHelp, InteriorAngleSymmetry; ¬Collinear D A C ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ ¬Collinear A C D ∧ ¬Collinear A D C [DACncol] by -, CollinearSymmetry; ¬Collinear B C D ∧ Angle (∡ D C A) ∧ Angle (∡ C D B) ∧ ¬Collinear D C B [angCDB] by ADCncol, -, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE; ∡ C D A ≡ ∡ D C A [CDAeqDCA] by DACncol, Distinct, ADCncol, SEGMENT, ACeqAD, C2Symmetric, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles; consider E such that D ∈ open (A,E) ∧ ¬(D = E) ∧ Collinear A D E [ADE] by Distinct, B2', B1'; B ∈ int_angle C D E ∧ Collinear D A E [BintCDE] by CintADB, -, InteriorReflectionInterior, CollinearSymmetry; ¬Collinear C D E [CDEncol] by DACncol, -, ADE, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; consider F such that F ∈ open (B,D) ∧ F ∈ ray A C ━ A [Fexists] by CintADB, Crossbar_THM, B1'; F ∈ int_angle B C D [FintBCD] by ADCncol, CollinearSymmetry, -, ConverseCrossbar; ¬Collinear D C F [DCFncol] by Distinct, ADCncol, CollinearSymmetry, Fexists, B1', NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; Collinear A C F ∧ F ∈ ray D B ━ D ∧ C ∈ int_angle A D F by Fexists, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray, B1', IntervalRayEZ, CintADB, InteriorWellDefined; C ∈ open (A,F) by -, AlternateConverseCrossbar; ∡ A D C suppl ∡ C D E ∧ ∡ A C D suppl ∡ D C F by ADE, DACncol, -, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ∡ C D E ≡ ∡ D C F [CDEeqDCF] by -, CDAeqDCA, AngleSymmetry, SupplementsCongAnglesCong; ∡ C D B <_ang ∡ C D E by angCDB, CDEncol, BintCDE, C5Reflexive, AngleOrdering_DEF; ∡ C D B <_ang ∡ D C F [CDBlessDCF] by -, DCFncol, ANGLE, CDEeqDCF, AngleTrichotomy2; ∡ D C F <_ang ∡ D C B by DCFncol, ANGLE, angCDB, FintBCD, InteriorAngleSymmetry, C5Reflexive, AngleOrdering_DEF; ∡ C D B <_ang ∡ D C B by CDBlessDCF, -, AngleOrderTransitivity; ¬(∡ D C B ≡ ∡ C D B) by -, AngleTrichotomy1, angCDB, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE, C5Symmetric; qed by Distinct, ADCncol, CollinearSymmetry, -, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles; end; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_7 = thm `; let A B C D be point; let a be point_set; assume ¬(A = B) [notAB]; assume Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a [a_line]; assume ¬(C = D) ∧ C ∉ a ∧ D ∉ a ∧ C,D same_side a [Csim_aD]; assume seg A C ≡ seg A D [ACeqAD]; thus ¬(seg B C ≡ seg B D) proof ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear D A B [ABCncol] by a_line, notAB, I1, Collinear_DEF, Csim_aD, ∉; ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(A = D) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(B = D) ∧ A ∉ open (C,D) [Distinct] by a_line, Csim_aD, ∉, SameSide_DEF; ¬Collinear A D C [ADCncol] proof assume Collinear A D C; C ∈ ray A D ━ A ∧ D ∈ ray A D ━ A by Distinct, -, IN_Ray, EndpointInRay, IN_DELETE; qed by Distinct, SEGMENT, -, ACeqAD, C2Reflexive, C1, Csim_aD; D,C same_side a [Dsim_aC] by a_line, Csim_aD, SameSideSymmetric; seg A D ≡ seg A C ∧ seg B D ≡ seg B D [ADeqAC] by Distinct, SEGMENT, ACeqAD, C2Symmetric, C2Reflexive; ¬Collinear D A C ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ ¬Collinear A C D ∧ ¬Collinear A D C [DACncol] by ADCncol, CollinearSymmetry; ¬(seg B D ≡ seg B C) ⇒ ¬(seg B C ≡ seg B D) [BswitchDC] by Distinct, SEGMENT, C2Symmetric; cases; suppose Collinear B D C; B ∉ open (C,D) ∧ C ∈ ray B D ━ B ∧ D ∈ ray B D ━ B by a_line, Csim_aD, SameSide_DEF, ∉, Distinct, -, IN_Ray, Distinct, IN_DELETE, EndpointInRay; qed by Distinct, SEGMENT, -, ACeqAD, ADeqAC, C1, Csim_aD; suppose ¬Collinear B D C [BDCncol]; Tetralateral A B C D by notAB, Distinct, Csim_aD, ABCncol, -, CollinearSymmetry, DACncol, Tetralateral_DEF; ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D ∨ C ∈ int_triangle D A B ∨ ConvexQuadrilateral A B D C ∨ D ∈ int_triangle C A B by -, a_line, Csim_aD, FourChoicesTetralateral, InteriorTriangleSymmetry; qed by notAB, a_line, Csim_aD, Dsim_aC, ACeqAD, ADeqAC, -, EuclidPropositionI_7Help, BswitchDC; end; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_11 = thm `; let A B be point; assume ¬(A = B) [notAB]; thus ∃ F. Right (∡ A B F) proof consider C such that B ∈ open (A,C) ∧ seg B C ≡ seg B A [ABC] by notAB, SEGMENT, C1OppositeRay; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ Collinear A B C [Distinct] by ABC, B1'; seg B A ≡ seg B C [BAeqBC] by -, SEGMENT, ABC, C2Symmetric; consider F such that ¬Collinear A F C ∧ seg F A ≡ seg F C [Fexists] by Distinct, IsoscelesExists; ¬Collinear B F A ∧ ¬Collinear B F C [BFAncol] by -, CollinearSymmetry, Distinct, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ¬Collinear A B F ∧ Angle (∡ A B F) [angABF] by BFAncol, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE; ∡ A B F suppl ∡ F B C [ABFsuppl] by -, ABC, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ¬(B = F) ∧ seg B F ≡ seg B F by BFAncol, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, SEGMENT, C2Reflexive; B,F,A ≅ B,F,C by BFAncol, -, BAeqBC, Fexists, SSS; ∡ A B F ≡ ∡ F B C by -, TriangleCong_DEF, AngleSymmetry; qed by angABF, ABFsuppl, -, RightAngle_DEF; `;; let DropPerpendicularToLine = thm `; let P be point; let l be point_set; assume Line l ∧ P ∉ l [l_line]; thus ∃ E Q. E ∈ l ∧ Q ∈ l ∧ Right (∡ P Q E) proof consider A B such that A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ ¬(A = B) [ABl] by l_line, I2; ¬Collinear B A P ∧ ¬Collinear P A B ∧ ¬(A = P) [BAPncol] by l_line, ABl, I1, Collinear_DEF, ∉, CollinearSymmetry, ABl, ∉; Angle (∡ B A P) ∧ Angle (∡ P A B) [angBAP] by -, ANGLE, AngleSymmetry; consider P' such that ¬(A = P') ∧ P' ∉ l ∧ ¬(P,P' same_side l) ∧ seg A P' ≡ seg A P ∧ ∡ B A P' ≡ ∡ B A P [P'exists] by angBAP, ABl, BAPncol, l_line, C4OppositeSide; consider Q such that Q ∈ l ∧ Q ∈ open (P,P') ∧ Collinear A B Q [Qexists] by l_line, -, SameSide_DEF, ABl, Collinear_DEF; ¬Collinear B A P' [BAP'ncol] by l_line, ABl, I1, Collinear_DEF, P'exists, ∉; ∡ B A P ≡ ∡ B A P' [BAPeqBAP'] by -, ANGLE, angBAP, P'exists, C5Symmetric; ∃ E. E ∈ l ∧ ¬Collinear P Q E ∧ ∡ P Q E ≡ ∡ E Q P' proof cases; suppose A = Q [AQ]; qed by ABl, AQ, BAPncol, BAPeqBAP', AngleSymmetry; suppose ¬(A = Q) [notAQ]; seg A Q ≡ seg A Q ∧ seg A P ≡ seg A P' [APeqAP'] by -, SEGMENT, C2Reflexive, BAPncol, P'exists, C2Symmetric; ¬Collinear Q A P' ∧ ¬Collinear Q A P [QAP'ncol] by l_line, ABl, Qexists, notAQ, I1, Collinear_DEF, P'exists, ∉; ∡ Q A P ≡ ∡ Q A P' proof cases; suppose A ∈ open (Q,B); ∡ B A P suppl ∡ P A Q ∧ ∡ B A P' suppl ∡ P' A Q by BAPncol, BAP'ncol, -, B1', SupplementaryAngles_DEF; qed by -, BAPeqBAP', SupplementsCongAnglesCong, AngleSymmetry; suppose ¬(A ∈ open (Q,B)); A ∉ open (Q,B) ∧ Q ∈ ray A B ━ A ∧ ray A Q = ray A B by -, ∉, ABl, Qexists, IN_Ray, notAQ, IN_DELETE, ABl, RayWellDefined; qed by -, BAPeqBAP', Angle_DEF; end; Q,A,P ≅ Q,A,P' by QAP'ncol, APeqAP', -, SAS; qed by -, TriangleCong_DEF, AngleSymmetry, ABl, QAP'ncol, CollinearSymmetry; end; consider E such that E ∈ l ∧ ¬Collinear P Q E ∧ ∡ P Q E ≡ ∡ E Q P' [Eexists] by -; ∡ P Q E suppl ∡ E Q P' ∧ Right (∡ P Q E) by -, Qexists, SupplementaryAngles_DEF, RightAngle_DEF; qed by Eexists, Qexists, -; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_14 = thm `; let A B C D be point; let l be point_set; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ ¬(A = B) [l_line]; assume C ∉ l ∧ D ∉ l ∧ ¬(C,D same_side l) [Cnsim_lD]; assume ∡ C B A suppl ∡ A B D [CBAsupplABD]; thus B ∈ open (C,D) proof ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(B = D) ∧ ¬Collinear C B A [Distinct] by l_line, Cnsim_lD, ∉, I1, Collinear_DEF; consider E such that B ∈ open (C,E) [CBE] by Distinct, B2'; E ∉ l ∧ ¬(C,E same_side l) [Csim_lE] by l_line, ∉, -, BetweenLinear, Cnsim_lD, SameSide_DEF; D,E same_side l [Dsim_lE] by l_line, Cnsim_lD, -, AtMost2Sides; ∡ C B A suppl ∡ A B E by Distinct, CBE, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ∡ A B D ≡ ∡ A B E by CBAsupplABD, -, SupplementUnique; ray B E = ray B D by l_line, Csim_lE, Cnsim_lD, Dsim_lE, -, C4Uniqueness; D ∈ ray B E ━ B by Distinct, -, EndpointInRay, IN_DELETE; qed by CBE, -, OppositeRaysIntersect1pointHelp, B1'; `;; let VerticalAnglesCong = thm `; :: Euclid's Proposition I.15 let A B O A' B' be point; assume ¬Collinear A O B [H1]; assume O ∈ open (A,A') ∧ O ∈ open (B,B') [H2]; thus ∡ B O A' ≡ ∡ B' O A proof ∡ A O B suppl ∡ B O A' [AOBsupplBOA'] by H1, H2, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ∡ B O A suppl ∡ A O B' by H1, CollinearSymmetry, H2, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; qed by AOBsupplBOA', -, AngleSymmetry, SupplementUnique; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_16 = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; assume C ∈ open (B,D) [H2]; thus ∡ B A C <_ang ∡ D C A proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider l such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l [l_line] by Distinct, I1; consider m such that Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ C ∈ m [m_line] by Distinct, I1; D ∈ m [Dm] by m_line, H2, BetweenLinear; consider E such that E ∈ open (A,C) ∧ seg A E ≡ seg E C [AEC] by Distinct, MidpointExists; ¬(A = E) ∧ ¬(E = C) ∧ Collinear A E C ∧ ¬(B = E) [AECcol] by -, B1', H1; E ∈ l [El] by l_line, AEC, BetweenLinear; consider F such that E ∈ open (B,F) ∧ seg E F ≡ seg E B [BEF] by AECcol, SEGMENT, C1OppositeRay; ¬(B = E) ∧ ¬(B = F) ∧ ¬(E = F) ∧ Collinear B E F [BEF'] by BEF, B1'; B ∉ l [notBl] by l_line, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, H1, ∉; ¬Collinear A E B ∧ ¬Collinear C E B [AEBncol] by l_line, El, AECcol, I1, Collinear_DEF, notBl, ∉; Angle (∡ B A E) [angBAE] by -, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE; ¬Collinear C E F [CEFncol] by AEBncol, BEF', CollinearSymmetry, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ∡ B E A ≡ ∡ F E C [BEAeqFEC] by AEBncol, AEC, B1', BEF, VerticalAnglesCong; seg E A ≡ seg E C ∧ seg E B ≡ seg E F by AEC, SegmentSymmetry, AECcol, BEF', SEGMENT, BEF, C2Symmetric; A,E,B ≅ C,E,F by AEBncol, CEFncol, -, BEAeqFEC, AngleSymmetry, SAS; ∡ B A E ≡ ∡ F C E [BAEeqFCE] by -, TriangleCong_DEF; ¬Collinear E C D [ECDncol] by AEBncol, H2, B1', CollinearSymmetry, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; F ∉ l ∧ D ∉ l [notFl] by l_line, El, Collinear_DEF, CEFncol, -, ∉; F ∈ ray B E ━ B ∧ E ∉ m by BEF, IntervalRayEZ, m_line, Collinear_DEF, AEBncol, ∉; F ∉ m ∧ F,E same_side m [Fsim_mE] by m_line, -, RaySameSide; ¬(B,F same_side l) ∧ ¬(B,D same_side l) by El, l_line, BEF, H2, SameSide_DEF; F,D same_side l by l_line, notBl, notFl, -, AtMost2Sides; F ∈ int_angle E C D by ECDncol, l_line, El, m_line, Dm, notFl, Fsim_mE, -, IN_InteriorAngle; ∡ B A E <_ang ∡ E C D [BAElessECD] by angBAE, ECDncol, -, BAEeqFCE, AngleSymmetry, AngleOrdering_DEF; ray A E = ray A C ∧ ray C E = ray C A by AEC, B1', IntervalRay; ∡ B A C <_ang ∡ A C D by BAElessECD, -, Angle_DEF; qed by -, AngleSymmetry; `;; let ExteriorAngle = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; assume C ∈ open (B,D) [H2]; thus ∡ A B C <_ang ∡ A C D proof ¬(C = D) ∧ C ∈ open (D,B) ∧ Collinear B C D [H2'] by H2, BetweenLinear, B1'; ¬Collinear B A C ∧ ¬(A = C) [BACncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider E such that C ∈ open (A,E) [ACE] by -, B2'; ¬(C = E) ∧ C ∈ open (E,A) ∧ Collinear A C E [ACE'] by -, B1'; ¬Collinear A C D ∧ ¬Collinear D C E [DCEncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, H2', -, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ∡ A B C <_ang ∡ E C B [ABClessECB] by BACncol, ACE, EuclidPropositionI_16; ∡ E C B ≡ ∡ A C D by DCEncol, ACE', H2', VerticalAnglesCong; qed by ABClessECB, DCEncol, ANGLE, -, AngleTrichotomy2; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_17 = thm `; let A B C be point; let α β γ be point_set; assume ¬Collinear A B C ∧ α = ∡ A B C ∧ β = ∡ B C A [H1]; assume β suppl γ [H2]; thus α <_ang γ proof Angle γ [angγ] by H2, SupplementImpliesAngle; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; ¬Collinear B A C ∧ ¬Collinear A C B [BACncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry; consider D such that C ∈ open (A,D) [ACD] by Distinct, B2'; ∡ A B C <_ang ∡ D C B [ABClessDCB] by BACncol, ACD, EuclidPropositionI_16; β suppl ∡ B C D by -, H1, AngleSymmetry, BACncol, ACD, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ∡ B C D ≡ γ by H2, -, SupplementUnique; qed by ABClessDCB, H1, AngleSymmetry, angγ, -, AngleTrichotomy2; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_18 = thm `; let A B C be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; assume seg A C <__ seg A B [H2]; thus ∡ A B C <_ang ∡ B C A proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider D such that D ∈ open (A,B) ∧ seg A C ≡ seg A D [ADB] by Distinct, SEGMENT, H2, SegmentOrderingUse; ¬(D = A) ∧ ¬(D = B) ∧ D ∈ open (B,A) ∧ Collinear A D B ∧ ray B D = ray B A [ADB'] by -, B1', IntervalRay; D ∈ int_angle A C B [DintACB] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, ADB, ConverseCrossbar; ¬Collinear D A C ∧ ¬Collinear C B D [DACncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, ADB', NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; seg A D ≡ seg A C by ADB', Distinct, SEGMENT, ADB, C2Symmetric; ∡ C D A ≡ ∡ A C D by DACncol, -, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles, AngleSymmetry; ∡ C D A <_ang ∡ A C B [CDAlessACB] by DACncol, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE, H1, CollinearSymmetry, DintACB, -, AngleOrdering_DEF; ∡ B D C suppl ∡ C D A by DACncol, CollinearSymmetry, ADB', SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ∡ C B D <_ang ∡ C D A by DACncol, -, EuclidPropositionI_17; ∡ C B D <_ang ∡ A C B by -, CDAlessACB, AngleOrderTransitivity; qed by -, ADB', Angle_DEF, AngleSymmetry; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_19 = thm `; let A B C be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; assume ∡ A B C <_ang ∡ B C A [H2]; thus seg A C <__ seg A B proof ¬Collinear B A C ∧ ¬Collinear B C A ∧ ¬Collinear A C B [BACncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; assume ¬(seg A C <__ seg A B); seg A B ≡ seg A C ∨ seg A B <__ seg A C by Distinct, SEGMENT, -, SegmentTrichotomy; cases by -; suppose seg A B ≡ seg A C; ∡ C B A ≡ ∡ B C A by BACncol, -, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles; qed by -, AngleSymmetry, H2, AngleTrichotomy1; suppose seg A B <__ seg A C; ∡ A C B <_ang ∡ C B A by BACncol, -, EuclidPropositionI_18; qed by H1, BACncol, ANGLE, -, AngleSymmetry, H2, AngleTrichotomy; end; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_20 = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; assume A ∈ open (B,D) ∧ seg A D ≡ seg A C [H2]; thus seg B C <__ seg B D proof ¬(B = D) ∧ ¬(A = D) ∧ A ∈ open (D,B) ∧ Collinear B A D ∧ ray D A = ray D B [BAD'] by H2, B1', IntervalRay; ¬Collinear C A D [CADncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, BAD', NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ¬Collinear D C B ∧ ¬Collinear B D C [DCBncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, BAD', NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; :: 13 Angle (∡ C D A) [angCDA] by CADncol, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE; ∡ C D A ≡ ∡ D C A [CDAeqDCA] by CADncol, CollinearSymmetry, H2, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles; A ∈ int_angle D C B by DCBncol, BAD', ConverseCrossbar; ∡ C D A <_ang ∡ D C B by angCDA, DCBncol, -, CDAeqDCA, AngleOrdering_DEF; ∡ B D C <_ang ∡ D C B by -, BAD', Angle_DEF, AngleSymmetry; qed by DCBncol, -, EuclidPropositionI_19; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_21 = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [H1]; assume D ∈ int_triangle A B C [H2]; thus ∡ A B C <_ang ∡ C D A proof ¬(B = A) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(A = C) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; D ∈ int_angle B A C ∧ D ∈ int_angle C B A [DintTri] by H2, IN_InteriorTriangle, InteriorAngleSymmetry; consider E such that E ∈ open (B,C) ∧ E ∈ ray A D ━ A [BEC] by -, Crossbar_THM; ¬(B = E) ∧ ¬(E = C) ∧ Collinear B E C ∧ Collinear A D E [BEC'] by -, B1', IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; ray B E = ray B C ∧ E ∈ ray B C ━ B [rBErBC] by BEC, IntervalRay, IntervalRayEZ; D ∈ int_angle A B E [DintABE] by DintTri, -, InteriorAngleSymmetry, InteriorWellDefined; D ∈ open (A,E) [ADE] by BEC', -, AlternateConverseCrossbar; ray E D = ray E A [rEDrEA] by -, B1', IntervalRay; ¬Collinear A B E ∧ ¬Collinear B E A ∧ ¬Collinear C B D ∧ ¬(A = D) [ABEncol] by DintABE, IN_InteriorAngle, CollinearSymmetry, DintTri, InteriorEZHelp; ¬Collinear E D C ∧ ¬Collinear C E D [EDCncol] by -, CollinearSymmetry, BEC', NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ∡ A B E <_ang ∡ A E C by ABEncol, BEC, ExteriorAngle; ∡ A B C <_ang ∡ C E D [ABClessAEC] by -, rBErBC, rEDrEA, Angle_DEF, AngleSymmetry; ∡ C E D <_ang ∡ C D A by EDCncol, ADE, B1', ExteriorAngle; qed by ABClessAEC, -, AngleOrderTransitivity; `;; let AngleTrichotomy3 = thm `; let α β γ be point_set; assume α <_ang β ∧ Angle γ ∧ γ ≡ α [H1]; thus γ <_ang β proof consider A O B G such that Angle α ∧ ¬Collinear A O B ∧ β = ∡ A O B ∧ G ∈ int_angle A O B ∧ α ≡ ∡ A O G [H1'] by H1, AngleOrdering_DEF; ¬Collinear A O G by -, InteriorEZHelp; γ ≡ ∡ A O G by H1, H1', -, ANGLE, C5Transitive; qed by H1, H1', -, AngleOrdering_DEF; `;; let InteriorCircleConvexHelp = thm `; let O A B C be point; assume ¬Collinear A O C [H1]; assume B ∈ open (A,C) [H2]; assume seg O A <__ seg O C ∨ seg O A ≡ seg O C [H3]; thus seg O B <__ seg O C proof ¬Collinear O C A ∧ ¬Collinear C O A ∧ ¬(O = A) ∧ ¬(O = C) [H1'] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; ray A B = ray A C ∧ ray C B = ray C A [equal_rays] by H2, IntervalRay, B1'; ∡ O C A <_ang ∡ C A O ∨ ∡ O C A ≡ ∡ C A O proof cases by H3; suppose seg O A <__ seg O C; qed by H1', -, EuclidPropositionI_18; suppose seg O A ≡ seg O C [seg_eq]; seg O C ≡ seg O A by H1', SEGMENT, -, C2Symmetric; qed by H1', -, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles, AngleSymmetry; end; ∡ O C B <_ang ∡ B A O ∨ ∡ O C B ≡ ∡ B A O by -, equal_rays, Angle_DEF; ∡ B C O <_ang ∡ O A B ∨ ∡ B C O ≡ ∡ O A B [BCOlessOAB] by -, AngleSymmetry; ¬Collinear O A B ∧ ¬Collinear B C O ∧ ¬Collinear O C B [OABncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry, H2, B1', NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ∡ O A B <_ang ∡ O B C by -, H2, ExteriorAngle; ∡ B C O <_ang ∡ O B C by BCOlessOAB, -, AngleOrderTransitivity, OABncol, ANGLE, -, AngleTrichotomy3; qed by OABncol, -, AngleSymmetry, EuclidPropositionI_19; `;; let InteriorCircleConvex = thm `; let O R A B C be point; assume ¬(O = R) [H1]; assume B ∈ open (A,C) [H2]; assume A ∈ int_circle O R ∧ C ∈ int_circle O R [H3]; thus B ∈ int_circle O R proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ B ∈ open (C,A) [H2'] by H2, B1'; (A = O ∨ seg O A <__ seg O R) ∧ (C = O ∨ seg O C <__ seg O R) [ACintOR] by H3, H1, IN_InteriorCircle; cases; suppose O = A ∨ O = C; B ∈ open (O,C) ∨ B ∈ open (O,A) by -, H2, B1'; seg O B <__ seg O A ∧ ¬(O = A) ∨ seg O B <__ seg O C ∧ ¬(O = C) by -, B1', SEGMENT, C2Reflexive, SegmentOrdering_DEF; seg O B <__ seg O R by -, ACintOR, SegmentOrderTransitivity; qed by -, H1, IN_InteriorCircle; suppose ¬(O = A) ∧ ¬(O = C) [OnotAC]; cases; suppose ¬Collinear A O C [AOCncol]; seg O A <__ seg O C ∨ seg O A ≡ seg O C ∨ seg O C <__ seg O A by OnotAC, SEGMENT, SegmentTrichotomy; seg O B <__ seg O C ∨ seg O B <__ seg O A by AOCncol, H2, -, InteriorCircleConvexHelp, CollinearSymmetry, B1'; qed by OnotAC, ACintOR, -, SegmentOrderTransitivity, H1, IN_InteriorCircle; suppose Collinear A O C [AOCcol]; consider l such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l by H2', I1; Collinear B A O ∧ Collinear B C O [OABCcol] by -, H2, BetweenLinear, H2', AOCcol, CollinearLinear, Collinear_DEF; B ∉ open (O,A) ∧ B ∉ open (O,C) ⇒ B = O proof assume B ∉ open (O,A) ∧ B ∉ open (O,C); O ∈ ray B A ∩ ray B C by H2', OABCcol, -, IN_Ray, IN_INTER; qed by -, H2, OppositeRaysIntersect1point, IN_SING; B ∈ open (O,A) ∨ B ∈ open (O,C) ∨ B = O by -, ∉; seg O B <__ seg O A ∨ seg O B <__ seg O C ∨ B = O by -, B1', SEGMENT, C2Reflexive, SegmentOrdering_DEF; seg O B <__ seg O R ∨ B = O by -, ACintOR, OnotAC, SegmentOrderTransitivity; qed by -, H1, IN_InteriorCircle; end; end; `;; let SegmentTrichotomy3 = thm `; let s t u be point_set; assume s <__ t ∧ Segment u ∧ u ≡ s [H1]; thus u <__ t proof consider C D X such that Segment s ∧ t = seg C D ∧ X ∈ open (C,D) ∧ s ≡ seg C X ∧ ¬(C = X) [H1'] by H1, SegmentOrdering_DEF, B1'; u ≡ seg C X by H1, -, SEGMENT, C2Transitive; qed by H1, H1', -, SegmentOrdering_DEF; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_24Help = thm `; let O A C O' D F be point; assume ¬Collinear A O C ∧ ¬Collinear D O' F [H1]; assume seg O' D ≡ seg O A ∧ seg O' F ≡ seg O C [H2]; assume ∡ D O' F <_ang ∡ A O C [H3]; assume seg O A <__ seg O C ∨ seg O A ≡ seg O C [H4]; thus seg D F <__ seg A C proof consider K such that K ∈ int_angle A O C ∧ ∡ D O' F ≡ ∡ A O K [KintAOC] by H1, ANGLE, H3, AngleOrderingUse; ¬(O = C) ∧ ¬(D = F) ∧ ¬(O' = F) ∧ ¬(O = K) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, -, InteriorEZHelp; consider B such that B ∈ ray O K ━ O ∧ seg O B ≡ seg O C [BrOK] by Distinct, SEGMENT, -, C1; ray O B = ray O K by Distinct, -, RayWellDefined; ∡ D O' F ≡ ∡ A O B [DO'FeqAOB] by KintAOC, -, Angle_DEF; B ∈ int_angle A O C [BintAOC] by KintAOC, BrOK, WholeRayInterior; ¬(B = O) ∧ ¬Collinear A O B [AOBncol] by -, InteriorEZHelp; seg O C ≡ seg O B [OCeqOB] by Distinct, -, SEGMENT, BrOK, C2Symmetric; seg O' F ≡ seg O B by Distinct, SEGMENT, AOBncol, H2, -, C2Transitive; D,O',F ≅ A,O,B by H1, AOBncol, H2, -, DO'FeqAOB, SAS; seg D F ≡ seg A B [DFeqAB] by -, TriangleCong_DEF; consider G such that G ∈ open (A,C) ∧ G ∈ ray O B ━ O ∧ ¬(G = O) [AGC] by BintAOC, Crossbar_THM, B1', IN_DELETE; Segment (seg O G) ∧ ¬(O = B) [notOB] by AGC, SEGMENT, BrOK, IN_DELETE; seg O G <__ seg O C by H1, AGC, H4, InteriorCircleConvexHelp; seg O G <__ seg O B by -, OCeqOB, BrOK, IN_DELETE, SEGMENT, SegmentTrichotomy2; consider G' such that G' ∈ open (O,B) ∧ seg O G ≡ seg O G' [OG'B] by notOB, -, SegmentOrderingUse; ¬(G' = O) ∧ seg O G' ≡ seg O G' ∧ Segment (seg O G') [notG'O] by -, B1', SEGMENT, C2Reflexive, SEGMENT; G' ∈ ray O B ━ O by OG'B, IntervalRayEZ; G' = G ∧ G ∈ open (B,O) by notG'O, notOB, -, AGC, OG'B, C1, B1'; ConvexQuadrilateral B A O C by H1, -, AGC, DiagonalsIntersectImpliesConvexQuad; A ∈ int_angle O C B ∧ O ∈ int_angle C B A ∧ Quadrilateral B A O C [OintCBA] by -, ConvexQuad_DEF; A ∈ int_angle B C O [AintBCO] by -, InteriorAngleSymmetry; Tetralateral B A O C by OintCBA, Quadrilateral_DEF; ¬Collinear C B A ∧ ¬Collinear B C O ∧ ¬Collinear C O B ∧ ¬Collinear C B O [BCOncol] by -, Tetralateral_DEF, CollinearSymmetry; ∡ B C O ≡ ∡ C B O [BCOeqCBO] by -, OCeqOB, IsoscelesCongBaseAngles; ¬Collinear B C A ∧ ¬Collinear A C B [ACBncol] by AintBCO, InteriorEZHelp, CollinearSymmetry; ∡ B C A ≡ ∡ B C A ∧ Angle (∡ B C A) ∧ ∡ C B O ≡ ∡ C B O [CBOref] by -, ANGLE, BCOncol, C5Reflexive; ∡ B C A <_ang ∡ B C O by -, BCOncol, ANGLE, AintBCO, AngleOrdering_DEF; ∡ B C A <_ang ∡ C B O [BCAlessCBO] by -, BCOncol, ANGLE, BCOeqCBO, AngleTrichotomy2; ∡ C B O <_ang ∡ C B A by BCOncol, ANGLE, OintCBA, CBOref, AngleOrdering_DEF; ∡ A C B <_ang ∡ C B A by BCAlessCBO, -, AngleOrderTransitivity, AngleSymmetry; seg A B <__ seg A C by ACBncol, -, EuclidPropositionI_19; qed by -, Distinct, SEGMENT, DFeqAB, SegmentTrichotomy3; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_24 = thm `; let O A C O' D F be point; assume ¬Collinear A O C ∧ ¬Collinear D O' F [H1]; assume seg O' D ≡ seg O A ∧ seg O' F ≡ seg O C [H2]; assume ∡ D O' F <_ang ∡ A O C [H3]; thus seg D F <__ seg A C proof ¬(O = A) ∧ ¬(O = C) ∧ ¬Collinear C O A ∧ ¬Collinear F O' D [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, CollinearSymmetry; seg O A ≡ seg O C ∨ seg O A <__ seg O C ∨ seg O C <__ seg O A by -, SEGMENT, SegmentTrichotomy; cases by -; suppose seg O A <__ seg O C ∨ seg O A ≡ seg O C; qed by H1, H2, H3, -, EuclidPropositionI_24Help; suppose seg O C <__ seg O A [H4]; ∡ F O' D <_ang ∡ C O A by H3, AngleSymmetry; qed by Distinct, H3, AngleSymmetry, H2, H4, EuclidPropositionI_24Help, SegmentSymmetry; end; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_25 = thm `; let O A C O' D F be point; assume ¬Collinear A O C ∧ ¬Collinear D O' F [H1]; assume seg O' D ≡ seg O A ∧ seg O' F ≡ seg O C [H2]; assume seg D F <__ seg A C [H3]; thus ∡ D O' F <_ang ∡ A O C proof ¬(O = A) ∧ ¬(O = C) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(D = F) ∧ ¬(O' = D) ∧ ¬(O' = F) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; assume ¬(∡ D O' F <_ang ∡ A O C); ∡ D O' F ≡ ∡ A O C ∨ ∡ A O C <_ang ∡ D O' F by H1, ANGLE, -, AngleTrichotomy; cases by -; suppose ∡ D O' F ≡ ∡ A O C; D,O',F ≅ A,O,C by H1, H2, -, SAS; seg D F ≡ seg A C by -, TriangleCong_DEF; qed by Distinct, SEGMENT, -, H3, SegmentTrichotomy; suppose ∡ A O C <_ang ∡ D O' F [Con]; seg O A ≡ seg O' D ∧ seg O C ≡ seg O' F [H2'] by Distinct, SEGMENT, H2, C2Symmetric; seg A C <__ seg D F by H1, -, Con, EuclidPropositionI_24; qed by Distinct, SEGMENT, -, H3, SegmentTrichotomy; end; `;; let AAS = thm `; let A B C A' B' C' be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear A' B' C' [H1]; assume ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ A' B' C' ∧ ∡ B C A ≡ ∡ B' C' A' [H2]; assume seg A B ≡ seg A' B' [H3]; thus A,B,C ≅ A',B',C' proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(B' = C') [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider G such that G ∈ ray B C ━ B ∧ seg B G ≡ seg B' C' [Gexists] by Distinct, SEGMENT, C1; ¬(G = B) ∧ B ∉ open (G,C) ∧ Collinear G B C [notGBC] by -, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray, CollinearSymmetry; ¬Collinear A B G ∧ ¬Collinear B G A [ABGncol] by H1, notGBC, CollinearSymmetry, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ray B G = ray B C by Distinct, Gexists, RayWellDefined; ∡ A B G = ∡ A B C by Distinct, -, Angle_DEF; A,B,G ≅ A',B',C' [ABG≅A'B'C'] by H1, ABGncol, H3, SegmentSymmetry, H2, -, Gexists, SAS; ∡ B G A ≡ ∡ B' C' A' [BGAeqB'C'A'] by -, TriangleCong_DEF; ¬Collinear B C A ∧ ¬Collinear B' C' A' [BCAncol] by H1, CollinearSymmetry; ∡ B' C' A' ≡ ∡ B C A ∧ ∡ B C A ≡ ∡ B C A [BCArefl] by -, ANGLE, H2, C5Symmetric, C5Reflexive; ∡ B G A ≡ ∡ B C A [BGAeqBCA] by ABGncol, BCAncol, ANGLE, BGAeqB'C'A', -, C5Transitive; cases; suppose G = C; qed by -, ABG≅A'B'C'; suppose ¬(G = C) [notGC]; ¬Collinear A C G ∧ ¬Collinear A G C [ACGncol] by H1, notGBC, -, CollinearSymmetry, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; C ∈ open (B,G) ∨ G ∈ open (C,B) by notGBC, notGC, Distinct, B3', ∉; cases by -; suppose C ∈ open (B,G) ; C ∈ open (G,B) ∧ ray G C = ray G B [rGCrBG] by -, B1', IntervalRay; ∡ A G C <_ang ∡ A C B by ACGncol, -, ExteriorAngle; ∡ B G A <_ang ∡ B C A by -, rGCrBG, Angle_DEF, AngleSymmetry, AngleSymmetry; qed by ABGncol, BCAncol, ANGLE, -, AngleSymmetry, BGAeqBCA, AngleTrichotomy; suppose G ∈ open (C,B) [CGB]; ray C G = ray C B ∧ ∡ A C G <_ang ∡ A G B by -, IntervalRay, ACGncol, ExteriorAngle; ∡ A C B <_ang ∡ B G A by -, Angle_DEF, AngleSymmetry; ∡ B C A <_ang ∡ B C A by -, BCAncol, ANGLE, BGAeqBCA, AngleTrichotomy2, AngleSymmetry; qed by -, BCArefl, AngleTrichotomy1; end; end; `;; let ParallelSymmetry = thm `; ∀ l k: point_set. l ∥ k ⇒ k ∥ l by PARALLEL, INTER_COMM; `;; let AlternateInteriorAngles = thm `; let A B C E be point; let l m t be point_set; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ E ∈ l [l_line]; assume Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ C ∈ m [m_line]; assume Line t ∧ A ∈ t ∧ B ∈ t [t_line]; assume ¬(A = E) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ E ∉ t ∧ C ∉ t [Distinct]; assume ¬(C,E same_side t) [Cnsim_tE]; assume ∡ E A B ≡ ∡ C B A [AltIntAngCong]; thus l ∥ m proof ¬Collinear E A B ∧ ¬Collinear C B A [EABncol] by t_line, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, ∉; B ∉ l ∧ A ∉ m [notAmBl] by l_line, m_line, Collinear_DEF, -, ∉; assume ¬(l ∥ m); ¬(l ∩ m = ∅) by -, l_line, m_line, PARALLEL; consider G such that G ∈ l ∧ G ∈ m [Glm] by -, MEMBER_NOT_EMPTY, IN_INTER; ¬(G = A) ∧ ¬(G = B) ∧ Collinear B G C ∧ Collinear B C G ∧ Collinear A E G ∧ Collinear A G E [GnotAB] by -, notAmBl, ∉, m_line, l_line, Collinear_DEF; ¬Collinear A G B ∧ ¬Collinear B G A ∧ G ∉ t [AGBncol] by EABncol, CollinearSymmetry, -, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine, t_line, Collinear_DEF, ∉; ¬(E,C same_side t) [Ensim_tC] by t_line, -, Distinct, Cnsim_tE, SameSideSymmetric; C ∈ m ━ B ∧ G ∈ m ━ B [CGm_B] by m_line, Glm, Distinct, GnotAB, IN_DELETE; E ∈ l ━ A ∧ G ∈ l ━ A [EGm_A] by l_line, Glm, Distinct, GnotAB, IN_DELETE; ¬(G,E same_side t) proof assume G,E same_side t [Gsim_tE]; A ∉ open (G,E) [notGAE] by t_line, -, SameSide_DEF, ∉; G ∈ ray A E ━ A by Distinct, GnotAB, notGAE, IN_Ray, GnotAB, IN_DELETE; ray A G = ray A E [rAGrAE] by Distinct, -, RayWellDefined; ¬(C,G same_side t) by t_line, AGBncol, Distinct, Gsim_tE, Cnsim_tE, SameSideTransitive; C ∉ ray B G ∧ B ∈ open (C,G) by t_line, AGBncol, Distinct, -, RaySameSide, ∉, GnotAB, IN_DELETE, IN_Ray; ∡ G A B <_ang ∡ C B A by AGBncol, -, B1', EuclidPropositionI_16; ∡ E A B <_ang ∡ C B A by -, rAGrAE, Angle_DEF; qed by EABncol, ANGLE, AltIntAngCong, -, AngleTrichotomy1; G,C same_side t [Gsim_tC] by t_line, AGBncol, Distinct, -, Cnsim_tE, AtMost2Sides; :: now we make a symmetric argument B ∉ open (G,C) [notGBC] by t_line, -, SameSide_DEF, ∉; G ∈ ray B C ━ B by Distinct, GnotAB, notGBC, IN_Ray, GnotAB, IN_DELETE; ray B G = ray B C [rBGrBC] by Distinct, -, RayWellDefined; ∡ C B A ≡ ∡ E A B [flipAltIntAngCong] by EABncol, ANGLE, AltIntAngCong, C5Symmetric; ¬(E,G same_side t) by t_line, AGBncol, Distinct, Gsim_tC, Ensim_tC, SameSideTransitive; E ∉ ray A G ∧ A ∈ open (E,G) by t_line, AGBncol, Distinct, -, RaySameSide, ∉, GnotAB, IN_Ray, IN_DELETE; ∡ G B A <_ang ∡ E A B by AGBncol, -, B1', EuclidPropositionI_16; ∡ C B A <_ang ∡ E A B by -, rBGrBC, Angle_DEF; qed by EABncol, ANGLE, flipAltIntAngCong, -, AngleTrichotomy1; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_28 = thm `; let A B C D E F G H be point; let l m t be point_set; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ B ∈ l ∧ G ∈ l [l_line]; assume Line m ∧ C ∈ m ∧ D ∈ m ∧ H ∈ m [m_line]; assume Line t ∧ G ∈ t ∧ H ∈ t [t_line]; assume G ∉ m ∧ H ∉ l [notGmHl]; assume G ∈ open (A,B) ∧ H ∈ open (C,D) [H1]; assume G ∈ open (E,H) ∧ H ∈ open (F,G) [H2]; assume ¬(D,A same_side t) [H3]; assume ∡ E G B ≡ ∡ G H D ∨ ∡ B G H suppl ∡ G H D [H4]; thus l ∥ m proof ¬(A = G) ∧ ¬(G = B) ∧ ¬(H = D) ∧ ¬(E = G) ∧ ¬(G = H) ∧ Collinear A G B ∧ Collinear E G H [Distinct] by H1, H2, B1'; ¬Collinear H G A ∧ ¬Collinear G H D ∧ A ∉ t ∧ D ∉ t [HGAncol] by l_line, m_line, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, notGmHl, ∉, t_line, Collinear_DEF; ¬Collinear B G H ∧ ¬Collinear A G E ∧ ¬Collinear E G B [BGHncol] by -, Distinct, CollinearSymmetry, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; ∡ A G H ≡ ∡ D H G proof cases by H4; suppose ∡ E G B ≡ ∡ G H D [EGBeqGHD]; ∡ E G B ≡ ∡ H G A by BGHncol, H1, H2, VerticalAnglesCong; ∡ H G A ≡ ∡ E G B by BGHncol, HGAncol, ANGLE, -, C5Symmetric; ∡ H G A ≡ ∡ G H D by BGHncol, HGAncol, ANGLE, -, EGBeqGHD, C5Transitive; qed by -, AngleSymmetry; suppose ∡ B G H suppl ∡ G H D [BGHeqGHD]; ∡ B G H suppl ∡ H G A by BGHncol, H1, B1', SupplementaryAngles_DEF; qed by -, BGHeqGHD, AngleSymmetry, SupplementUnique, AngleSymmetry; end; qed by l_line, m_line, t_line, Distinct, HGAncol, H3, -, AlternateInteriorAngles; `;; let OppositeSidesCongImpliesParallelogram = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume Quadrilateral A B C D [H1]; assume seg A B ≡ seg C D ∧ seg B C ≡ seg D A [H2]; thus Parallelogram A B C D proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(A = D) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(B = D) ∧ ¬(C = D) ∧ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear B C D ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ ¬Collinear D A B [TetraABCD] by H1, Quadrilateral_DEF, Tetralateral_DEF; consider a c such that Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a ∧ Line c ∧ C ∈ c ∧ D ∈ c [ac_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider b d such that Line b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ C ∈ b ∧ Line d ∧ D ∈ d ∧ A ∈ d [bd_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider l such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l [l_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider m such that Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ D ∈ m [m_line] by TetraABCD, I1; B ∉ l ∧ D ∉ l ∧ A ∉ m ∧ C ∉ m [notBDlACm] by l_line, m_line, TetraABCD, Collinear_DEF, ∉; seg A C ≡ seg C A ∧ seg B D ≡ seg D B [seg_refl] by TetraABCD, SEGMENT, C2Reflexive, SegmentSymmetry; A,B,C ≅ C,D,A by TetraABCD, H2, -, SSS; ∡ B C A ≡ ∡ D A C ∧ ∡ C A B ≡ ∡ A C D [BCAeqDAC] by -, TriangleCong_DEF; seg C D ≡ seg A B [CDeqAB] by TetraABCD, SEGMENT, H2, C2Symmetric; B,C,D ≅ D,A,B by TetraABCD, H2, -, seg_refl, SSS; ∡ C D B ≡ ∡ A B D ∧ ∡ D B C ≡ ∡ B D A [CDBeqABD] by -, TriangleCong_DEF; ¬(B,D same_side l) ∨ ¬(A,C same_side m) by H1, l_line, m_line, FiveChoicesQuadrilateral; cases by -; suppose ¬(B,D same_side l); ¬(D,B same_side l) by l_line, notBDlACm, -, SameSideSymmetric; a ∥ c ∧ b ∥ d by ac_line, l_line, TetraABCD, notBDlACm, -, BCAeqDAC, AngleSymmetry, AlternateInteriorAngles, bd_line, BCAeqDAC; qed by H1, ac_line, bd_line, -, Parallelogram_DEF; suppose ¬(A,C same_side m); b ∥ d ∧ c ∥ a by bd_line, m_line, TetraABCD, notBDlACm, -, CDBeqABD, AngleSymmetry, AlternateInteriorAngles, ac_line, CDBeqABD; qed by H1, ac_line, bd_line, -, ParallelSymmetry, Parallelogram_DEF; end; `;; let OppositeAnglesCongImpliesParallelogramHelp = thm `; let A B C D be point; let a c be point_set; assume Quadrilateral A B C D [H1]; assume ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ C D A ∧ ∡ D A B ≡ ∡ B C D [H2]; assume Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a [a_line]; assume Line c ∧ C ∈ c ∧ D ∈ c [c_line]; thus a ∥ c proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(A = D) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(B = D) ∧ ¬(C = D) ∧ ¬Collinear A B C ∧ ¬Collinear B C D ∧ ¬Collinear C D A ∧ ¬Collinear D A B [TetraABCD] by H1, Quadrilateral_DEF, Tetralateral_DEF; ∡ C D A ≡ ∡ A B C ∧ ∡ B C D ≡ ∡ D A B [H2'] by TetraABCD, ANGLE, H2, C5Symmetric; consider l m such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l ∧ Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ D ∈ m [lm_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider b d such that Line b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ C ∈ b ∧ Line d ∧ D ∈ d ∧ A ∈ d [bd_line] by TetraABCD, I1; A ∉ c ∧ B ∉ c ∧ A ∉ b ∧ D ∉ b ∧ B ∉ d ∧ C ∉ d [point_off_line] by c_line, bd_line, Collinear_DEF, TetraABCD, ∉; ¬(A ∈ int_triangle B C D ∨ B ∈ int_triangle C D A ∨ C ∈ int_triangle D A B ∨ D ∈ int_triangle A B C) proof assume A ∈ int_triangle B C D ∨ B ∈ int_triangle C D A ∨ C ∈ int_triangle D A B ∨ D ∈ int_triangle A B C; ∡ B C D <_ang ∡ D A B ∨ ∡ C D A <_ang ∡ A B C ∨ ∡ D A B <_ang ∡ B C D ∨ ∡ A B C <_ang ∡ C D A by TetraABCD, -, EuclidPropositionI_21; qed by -, H2', H2, AngleTrichotomy1; ConvexQuadrilateral A B C D by H1, lm_line, -, FiveChoicesQuadrilateral; A ∈ int_angle B C D ∧ B ∈ int_angle C D A ∧ C ∈ int_angle D A B ∧ D ∈ int_angle A B C [AintBCD] by -, ConvexQuad_DEF; B,A same_side c ∧ B,C same_side d [Bsim_cA] by c_line, bd_line, -, InteriorUse; A,D same_side b [Asim_bD] by bd_line, c_line, AintBCD, InteriorUse; assume ¬(a ∥ c); consider G such that G ∈ a ∧ G ∈ c [Gac] by -, a_line, c_line, PARALLEL, MEMBER_NOT_EMPTY, IN_INTER; Collinear A B G ∧ Collinear D G C ∧ Collinear C G D [ABGcol] by a_line, -, Collinear_DEF, c_line; ¬(G = A) ∧ ¬(G = B) ∧ ¬(G = C) ∧ ¬(G = D) [GnotABCD] by Gac, ABGcol, TetraABCD, CollinearSymmetry, Collinear_DEF; ¬Collinear B G C ∧ ¬Collinear A D G [BGCncol] by c_line, Gac, GnotABCD, I1, Collinear_DEF, point_off_line, ∉; ¬Collinear B C G ∧ ¬Collinear G B C ∧ ¬Collinear G A D ∧ ¬Collinear A G D [BCGncol] by -, CollinearSymmetry; G ∉ b ∧ G ∉ d [notGb] by bd_line, Collinear_DEF, BGCncol, ∉; G ∉ open (B,A) [notBGA] by Bsim_cA, Gac, SameSide_DEF, ∉; B ∉ open (A,G) [notABG] proof assume ¬(B ∉ open (A,G)); B ∈ open (A,G) [ABG] by -, ∉; ray A B = ray A G [rABrAG] by -, IntervalRay; ¬(A,G same_side b) by bd_line, ABG, SameSide_DEF; ¬(D,G same_side b) by bd_line, point_off_line, notGb, Asim_bD, -, SameSideTransitive; D ∉ ray C G by bd_line, notGb, -, RaySameSide, TetraABCD, IN_DELETE, ∉; C ∈ open (D,G) [DCG] by GnotABCD, ABGcol, -, IN_Ray, ∉; consider M such that D ∈ open (C,M) [CDM] by TetraABCD, B2'; D ∈ open (G,M) [GDM] by -, B1', DCG, TransitivityBetweennessHelp; ∡ C D A suppl ∡ A D M ∧ ∡ A B C suppl ∡ C B G by TetraABCD, CDM, ABG, SupplementaryAngles_DEF; ∡ M D A ≡ ∡ G B C [MDAeqGBC] by -, H2', SupplementsCongAnglesCong, AngleSymmetry; ∡ G A D <_ang ∡ M D A ∧ ∡ G B C <_ang ∡ D C B by BCGncol, BGCncol, GDM, DCG, B1', EuclidPropositionI_16; ∡ G A D <_ang ∡ D C B by -, BCGncol, ANGLE, MDAeqGBC, AngleTrichotomy2, AngleOrderTransitivity; ∡ D A B <_ang ∡ B C D by -, rABrAG, Angle_DEF, AngleSymmetry; qed by -, H2, AngleTrichotomy1; A ∉ open (G,B) proof assume ¬(A ∉ open (G,B)); A ∈ open (B,G) [BAG] by -, B1', ∉; ray B A = ray B G [rBArBG] by -, IntervalRay; ¬(B,G same_side d) by bd_line, BAG, SameSide_DEF; ¬(C,G same_side d) by bd_line, point_off_line, notGb, Bsim_cA, -, SameSideTransitive; C ∉ ray D G by bd_line, notGb, -, RaySameSide, TetraABCD, IN_DELETE, ∉; D ∈ open (C,G) [CDG] by GnotABCD, ABGcol, -, IN_Ray, ∉; consider M such that C ∈ open (D,M) [DCM] by B2', TetraABCD; C ∈ open (G,M) [GCM] by -, B1', CDG, TransitivityBetweennessHelp; ∡ B C D suppl ∡ M C B ∧ ∡ D A B suppl ∡ G A D by TetraABCD, CollinearSymmetry, DCM, BAG, SupplementaryAngles_DEF, AngleSymmetry; ∡ M C B ≡ ∡ G A D [GADeqMCB] by -, H2', SupplementsCongAnglesCong; ∡ G B C <_ang ∡ M C B ∧ ∡ G A D <_ang ∡ C D A by BGCncol, GCM, BCGncol, CDG, B1', EuclidPropositionI_16; ∡ G B C <_ang ∡ C D A by -, BCGncol, ANGLE, GADeqMCB, AngleTrichotomy2, AngleOrderTransitivity; ∡ A B C <_ang ∡ C D A by -, rBArBG, Angle_DEF; qed by -, H2, AngleTrichotomy1; qed by TetraABCD, GnotABCD, ABGcol, notABG, notBGA, -, B3', ∉; `;; let OppositeAnglesCongImpliesParallelogram = thm `; let A B C D be point; assume Quadrilateral A B C D [H1]; assume ∡ A B C ≡ ∡ C D A ∧ ∡ D A B ≡ ∡ B C D [H2]; thus Parallelogram A B C D proof Quadrilateral B C D A [QuadBCDA] by H1, QuadrilateralSymmetry; ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(C = D) ∧ ¬(D = A) ∧ ¬Collinear B C D ∧ ¬Collinear D A B [TetraABCD] by H1, Quadrilateral_DEF, Tetralateral_DEF; ∡ B C D ≡ ∡ D A B [H2'] by TetraABCD, ANGLE, H2, C5Symmetric; consider a such that Line a ∧ A ∈ a ∧ B ∈ a [a_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider b such that Line b ∧ B ∈ b ∧ C ∈ b [b_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider c such that Line c ∧ C ∈ c ∧ D ∈ c [c_line] by TetraABCD, I1; consider d such that Line d ∧ D ∈ d ∧ A ∈ d [d_line] by TetraABCD, I1; qed by H1, QuadBCDA, H2, H2', a_line, b_line, c_line, d_line, OppositeAnglesCongImpliesParallelogramHelp, Parallelogram_DEF; `;; let P = new_axiom `∀ P l. Line l ∧ P ∉ l ⇒ ∃! m. Line m ∧ P ∈ m ∧ m ∥ l`;; new_constant("μ",`:point_set->real`);; let AMa = new_axiom `∀ α. Angle α ⇒ &0 < μ α ∧ μ α < &180`;; let AMb = new_axiom `∀ α. Right α ⇒ μ α = &90`;; let AMc = new_axiom `∀ α β. Angle α ∧ Angle β ∧ α ≡ β ⇒ μ α = μ β`;; let AMd = new_axiom `∀ A O B P. P ∈ int_angle A O B ⇒ μ (∡ A O B) = μ (∡ A O P) + μ (∡ P O B)`;; let ConverseAlternateInteriorAngles = thm `; let A B C E be point; let l m t be point_set; assume Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ E ∈ l [l_line]; assume Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ C ∈ m [m_line]; assume Line t ∧ A ∈ t ∧ B ∈ t [t_line]; assume ¬(A = E) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬(A = B) ∧ E ∉ t ∧ C ∉ t [Distinct]; assume ¬(C,E same_side t) [Cnsim_tE]; assume l ∥ m [para_lm]; thus ∡ E A B ≡ ∡ C B A proof ¬Collinear C B A by t_line, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, ∉, ANGLE; A ∉ m ∧ Angle (∡ C B A) [notAm] by m_line, -, Collinear_DEF, ∉, ANGLE; consider D such that ¬(A = D) ∧ D ∉ t ∧ ¬(C,D same_side t) ∧ seg A D ≡ seg A E ∧ ∡ B A D ≡ ∡ C B A [Dexists] by -, Distinct, t_line, C4OppositeSide; consider k such that Line k ∧ A ∈ k ∧ D ∈ k [k_line] by Distinct, I1; k ∥ m by -, m_line, t_line, Dexists, Distinct, AngleSymmetry, AlternateInteriorAngles; k = l by m_line, notAm, l_line, k_line, -, para_lm, P; D,E same_side t ∧ A ∉ open (D,E) ∧ Collinear A E D by t_line, Distinct, Dexists, Cnsim_tE, AtMost2Sides, SameSide_DEF, ∉, -, k_line, l_line, Collinear_DEF; ray A D = ray A E by Distinct, -, IN_Ray, Dexists, IN_DELETE, RayWellDefined; qed by -, Dexists, AngleSymmetry, Angle_DEF; `;; let HilbertTriangleSum = thm `; let A B C be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [ABCncol]; thus ∃ E F. B ∈ open (E,F) ∧ C ∈ int_angle A B F ∧ ∡ E B A ≡ ∡ C A B ∧ ∡ C B F ≡ ∡ B C A proof ¬(A = B) ∧ ¬(A = C) ∧ ¬(B = C) ∧ ¬Collinear C A B [Distinct] by ABCncol, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct, CollinearSymmetry; consider l such that Line l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ C ∈ l [l_line] by Distinct, I1; consider x such that Line x ∧ A ∈ x ∧ B ∈ x [x_line] by Distinct, I1; consider y such that Line y ∧ B ∈ y ∧ C ∈ y [y_line] by Distinct, I1; C ∉ x [notCx] by x_line, ABCncol, Collinear_DEF, ∉; Angle (∡ C A B) by ABCncol, CollinearSymmetry, ANGLE; consider E such that ¬(B = E) ∧ E ∉ x ∧ ¬(C,E same_side x) ∧ seg B E ≡ seg A B ∧ ∡ A B E ≡ ∡ C A B [Eexists] by -, Distinct, x_line, notCx, C4OppositeSide; consider m such that Line m ∧ B ∈ m ∧ E ∈ m [m_line] by -, I1, IN_DELETE; ∡ E B A ≡ ∡ C A B [EBAeqCAB] by Eexists, AngleSymmetry; m ∥ l [para_lm] by m_line, l_line, x_line, Eexists, Distinct, notCx, -, AlternateInteriorAngles; m ∩ l = ∅ [lm0] by -, PARALLEL; C ∉ m ∧ A ∉ m [notACm] by -, l_line, INTER_COMM, DisjointOneNotOther; consider F such that B ∈ open (E,F) [EBF] by Eexists, B2'; ¬(B = F) ∧ F ∈ m [EBF'] by -, B1', m_line, BetweenLinear; ¬Collinear A B F ∧ F ∉ x [ABFncol] by m_line, -, I1, Collinear_DEF, notACm, ∉, x_line; ¬(E,F same_side x) ∧ ¬(E,F same_side y) [Ensim_yF] by EBF, x_line, y_line, SameSide_DEF; C,F same_side x [Csim_xF] by x_line, notCx, Eexists, ABFncol, Eexists, -, AtMost2Sides; m ∩ open(C,A) = ∅ by l_line, BetweenLinear, SUBSET, SET_RULE, lm0, SUBSET_EMPTY; C,A same_side m by m_line, -, SameSide_DEF, SET_RULE; C ∈ int_angle A B F [CintABF] by ABFncol, x_line, m_line, EBF', notCx, notACm, Csim_xF, -, IN_InteriorAngle; A ∈ int_angle C B E by EBF, B1', -, InteriorAngleSymmetry, InteriorReflectionInterior; A ∉ y ∧ A,E same_side y [Asim_yE] by y_line, m_line, -, InteriorUse; E ∉ y ∧ F ∉ y [notEFy] by y_line, m_line, EBF', Eexists, EBF', I1, Collinear_DEF, notACm, ∉; E,A same_side y by y_line, -, Asim_yE, SameSideSymmetric; ¬(A,F same_side y) [Ansim_yF] by y_line, notEFy, Asim_yE, -, Ensim_yF, SameSideTransitive; ∡ F B C ≡ ∡ A C B by m_line, EBF', l_line, y_line, EBF', Distinct, notEFy, Asim_yE, Ansim_yF, para_lm, ConverseAlternateInteriorAngles; qed by EBF, CintABF, EBAeqCAB, -, AngleSymmetry; `;; let EuclidPropositionI_13 = thm `; let A O B A' be point; assume ¬Collinear A O B [H1]; assume O ∈ open (A,A') [H2]; thus μ (∡ A O B) + μ (∡ B O A') = &180 proof cases; suppose Right (∡ A O B); Right (∡ B O A') ∧ μ (∡ A O B) = &90 ∧ μ (∡ B O A') = &90 by H1, H2, -, RightImpliesSupplRight, AMb; qed by -, REAL_ARITH; suppose ¬Right (∡ A O B) [notRightAOB]; ¬(A = O) ∧ ¬(O = B) [Distinct] by H1, NonCollinearImpliesDistinct; consider l such that Line l ∧ O ∈ l ∧ A ∈ l ∧ A' ∈ l [l_line] by -, I1, H2, BetweenLinear; B ∉ l [notBl] by -, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, H1, ∉; consider F such that Right (∡ O A F) ∧ Angle (∡ O A F) [RightOAF] by Distinct, EuclidPropositionI_11, RightImpliesAngle; ∃! r. Ray r ∧ ∃ E. ¬(O = E) ∧ r = ray O E ∧ E ∉ l ∧ E,B same_side l ∧ ∡ A O E ≡ ∡ O A F by -, Distinct, l_line, notBl, C4; consider E such that ¬(O = E) ∧ E ∉ l ∧ E,B same_side l ∧ ∡ A O E ≡ ∡ O A F [Eexists] by -; ¬Collinear A O E [AOEncol] by l_line, Distinct, I1, Collinear_DEF, -, ∉; Right (∡ A O E) [RightAOE] by -, ANGLE, RightOAF, Eexists, CongRightImpliesRight; Right (∡ E O A') ∧ μ (∡ A O E) = &90 ∧ μ (∡ E O A') = &90 [RightEOA'] by AOEncol, H2, -, RightImpliesSupplRight, AMb; ¬(∡ A O B ≡ ∡ A O E) by notRightAOB, H1, ANGLE, RightAOE, CongRightImpliesRight; ¬(∡ A O B = ∡ A O E) by H1, AOEncol, ANGLE, -, C5Reflexive; ¬(ray O B = ray O E) by -, Angle_DEF; B ∉ ray O E ∧ O ∉ open (B,E) by Distinct, -, Eexists, RayWellDefined, IN_DELETE, ∉, l_line, B1', SameSide_DEF; ¬Collinear O E B by -, Eexists, IN_Ray, ∉; E ∈ int_angle A O B ∨ B ∈ int_angle A O E by Distinct, l_line, Eexists, notBl, AngleOrdering, -, CollinearSymmetry, InteriorAngleSymmetry; cases by -; suppose E ∈ int_angle A O B [EintAOB]; B ∈ int_angle E O A' by H2, -, InteriorReflectionInterior; μ (∡ A O B) = μ (∡ A O E) + μ (∡ E O B) ∧ μ (∡ E O A') = μ (∡ E O B) + μ (∡ B O A') by EintAOB, -, AMd; qed by -, RightEOA', REAL_ARITH; suppose B ∈ int_angle A O E [BintAOE]; E ∈ int_angle B O A' by H2, -, InteriorReflectionInterior; μ (∡ A O E) = μ (∡ A O B) + μ (∡ B O E) ∧ μ (∡ B O A') = μ (∡ B O E) + μ (∡ E O A') by BintAOE, -, AMd; qed by -, RightEOA', REAL_ARITH; end; end; `;; let TriangleSum = thm `; let A B C be point; assume ¬Collinear A B C [ABCncol]; thus μ (∡ A B C) + μ (∡ B C A) + μ (∡ C A B) = &180 proof ¬Collinear C A B ∧ ¬Collinear B C A [CABncol] by ABCncol, CollinearSymmetry; consider E F such that B ∈ open (E,F) ∧ C ∈ int_angle A B F ∧ ∡ E B A ≡ ∡ C A B ∧ ∡ C B F ≡ ∡ B C A [EBF] by ABCncol, HilbertTriangleSum; ¬Collinear C B F ∧ ¬Collinear A B F ∧ Collinear E B F ∧ ¬(B = E) [CBFncol] by -, InteriorAngleSymmetry, InteriorEZHelp, IN_InteriorAngle, B1', CollinearSymmetry; ¬Collinear E B A [EBAncol] by CollinearSymmetry, -, NoncollinearityExtendsToLine; μ (∡ A B F) = μ (∡ A B C) + μ (∡ C B F) [μCintABF] by EBF, AMd; μ (∡ E B A) + μ (∡ A B F) = &180 [suppl180] by EBAncol, EBF, EuclidPropositionI_13; μ (∡ C A B) = μ (∡ E B A) ∧ μ (∡ B C A) = μ (∡ C B F) by CABncol, EBAncol, CBFncol, ANGLE, EBF, AMc; qed by suppl180, μCintABF, -, REAL_ARITH; `;;