(* ========================================================================== *)
(* FLYSPECK - BOOK FORMALIZATION                                              *)
(* Section: Conclusions                                                       *)
(* Chapter: Local Fan                                                         *)
(* Lemma: XBJRPHC, PQCSXWG                                                    *)
(* Author: John Harrison                                                      *)
(* Date: 2013-07-02                                                           *)
(* ========================================================================== *)

(*
The continuity of the functions dihV and azim.

Removed from project July 22, 2013.  All the necessary theorems have been duplicated in flyspeck.ml
*)

module Xbjrphc = struct

(* ========================================================================= *)
(* More complex analysis.                                                    *)
(* ========================================================================= *)

needs "Multivariate/flyspeck.ml";;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* Some of the material at the top of the file may be repetitive.  
   It was patched together from various email messages from J.H. to T.H.     *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)

(*
 let REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_DIHV = prove                            
   (`!v w w1 w2:real^N.                                                         
          ~collinear {v, w, w2} ==> dihV v w w1 real_continuous at w2`, 
    REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN GEN_REWRITE_TAC LAND_CONV [GSYM ETA_AX] THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[dihV] THEN CONV_TAC(TOP_DEPTH_CONV let_CONV) THEN
    GEN_REWRITE_TAC LAND_CONV [GSYM o_DEF] THEN     
    MATCH_MP_TAC REAL_CONTINUOUS_CONTINUOUS_AT_COMPOSE THEN CONJ_TAC THENL 
     [MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_SUB THEN CONJ_TAC THEN      
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_MUL THEN                               
      SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_CONST; o_DEF; CONTINUOUS_SUB; CONTINUOUS_AT_ID;
               CONTINUOUS_AT_LIFT_DOT2];                                     
      GEN_REWRITE_TAC LAND_CONV [GSYM ETA_AX] THEN                     
      REWRITE_TAC[ARCV_ANGLE; angle] THEN                                     
      REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_SUB_RZERO; ETA_AX] THEN                            
      MATCH_MP_TAC REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_VECTOR_ANGLE THEN      
      POP_ASSUM MP_TAC THEN GEOM_ORIGIN_TAC `v:real^N` THEN                     
      REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_SUB_RZERO; CONTRAPOS_THM; VECTOR_SUB_EQ] THEN  
      MAP_EVERY X_GEN_TAC [`z:real^N`; `w:real^N`] THEN                    
      ASM_CASES_TAC `w:real^N = vec 0` THEN                                
      ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_LEMMA_ALT] THEN DISCH_THEN(MP_TAC o AP_TERM
       `(%) (inv((w:real^N) dot w)):real^N->real^N`) THEN                
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[VECTOR_MUL_ASSOC; REAL_MUL_LINV; DOT_EQ_0] THEN
      MESON_TAC[VECTOR_MUL_LID]]);;
*)

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* A few general lemmas.                                                     *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)


let COLLINEAR_3_DOT_MULTIPLES = 
prove
 (`!a b c:real^N.
        collinear {a,b,c} <=>
        ((b - a) dot (b - a)) % (c - a) = ((c - a) dot (b - a)) % (b - a)`,

  GEOM_ORIGIN_TAC `a:real^N` THEN REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_SUB_RZERO] THEN
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN ASM_CASES_TAC `b:real^N = vec 0` THENL
   [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC; DOT_RZERO; VECTOR_MUL_LZERO];
    ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM VECTOR_SUB_EQ] THEN POP_ASSUM MP_TAC THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[GSYM DOT_CAUCHY_SCHWARZ_EQUAL; GSYM DOT_EQ_0] THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[GSYM DOT_EQ_0; DOT_RSUB; DOT_LSUB; DOT_RMUL; DOT_LMUL] THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[DOT_SYM] THEN CONV_TAC REAL_RING]);;


let CONTINUOUS_CONTINUOUS_WITHINREAL = 
prove
 (`!f x s. f continuous (atreal x within s) <=>
           (f o drop) continuous (at (lift x) within IMAGE lift s)`,


let CONTINUOUS_CONTINUOUS_ATREAL = 
prove
 (`!f x. f continuous (atreal x) <=> (f o drop) continuous (at (lift x))`,


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHINREAL = 
prove
 (`!f x s. f real_continuous (atreal x within s) <=>
           (f o drop) real_continuous (at (lift x) within IMAGE lift s)`,


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_REAL_CONTINUOUS_ATREAL = 
prove
 (`!f x. f real_continuous (atreal x) <=>
         (f o drop) real_continuous (at (lift x))`,

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* Stronger dihV continuity results.                                         *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)


let CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_CX_VECTOR_ANGLE_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real^M->real^N g x s.
     ~(f x = vec 0) /\ ~(g x = vec 0) /\
     f continuous (at x within s) /\
     g continuous (at x within s)
     ==> (\x. Cx(vector_angle (f x) (g x))) continuous (at x within s)`,

  REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN
  ASM_CASES_TAC `trivial_limit(at (x:real^M) within s)` THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_TRIVIAL_LIMIT; vector_angle] THEN
  SUBGOAL_THEN
   `(cacs o (\x. Cx(((f x:real^N) dot g x) / (norm(f x) * norm(g x)))))
    continuous (at (x:real^M) within s)`
  MP_TAC THENL
   [MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_COMPOSE THEN CONJ_TAC THENL
     [REWRITE_TAC[CX_DIV; CX_MUL] THEN REWRITE_TAC[WITHIN_UNIV] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_COMPLEX_DIV THEN
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[NETLIMIT_WITHIN; COMPLEX_ENTIRE; CX_INJ; NORM_EQ_0] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_CX_LIFT; GSYM CX_MUL; LIFT_CMUL] THEN
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_LIFT_DOT2] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_MUL THEN
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_LIFT_NORM_COMPOSE; o_DEF];
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_SUBSET THEN
      EXISTS_TAC `{z | real z /\ abs(Re z) <= &1}` THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_CACS_REAL] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[SUBSET; FORALL_IN_IMAGE; IN_UNIV; IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[REAL_CX; RE_CX; NORM_CAUCHY_SCHWARZ_DIV]];
    ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN; CX_ACS; o_DEF;
                 NORM_CAUCHY_SCHWARZ_DIV] THEN
    MATCH_MP_TAC(REWRITE_RULE[IMP_CONJ] LIM_TRANSFORM_EVENTUALLY) THEN
    SUBGOAL_THEN
      `eventually (\y. ~((f:real^M->real^N) y = vec 0) /\
                       ~((g:real^M->real^N) y = vec 0))
                  (at x within s)`
    MP_TAC THENL
     [REWRITE_TAC[EVENTUALLY_AND] THEN CONJ_TAC THENL
       [UNDISCH_TAC `(f:real^M->real^N) continuous (at x within s)`;
        UNDISCH_TAC `(g:real^M->real^N) continuous (at x within s)`] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN; tendsto] THENL
       [DISCH_THEN(MP_TAC o SPEC `norm((f:real^M->real^N) x)`);
        DISCH_THEN(MP_TAC o SPEC `norm((g:real^M->real^N) x)`)] THEN
      ASM_REWRITE_TAC[NORM_POS_LT] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC(REWRITE_RULE[IMP_CONJ] EVENTUALLY_MONO) THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[] THEN CONV_TAC NORM_ARITH;
      MATCH_MP_TAC(REWRITE_RULE[IMP_CONJ] EVENTUALLY_MONO) THEN
      SIMP_TAC[CX_ACS; NORM_CAUCHY_SCHWARZ_DIV]]]);;


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_DIHV_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real^M->real^N g h k x s.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      f continuous (at x within s) /\ g continuous (at x within s) /\
      h continuous (at x within s) /\ k continuous (at x within s)
      ==> (\x. dihV (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous (at x within s)`,

  REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN REWRITE_TAC[dihV] THEN
  CONV_TAC(TOP_DEPTH_CONV let_CONV) THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[ARCV_ANGLE; angle; REAL_CONTINUOUS_CONTINUOUS; o_DEF] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_SUB_RZERO] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_CX_VECTOR_ANGLE_COMPOSE THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_SUB_EQ; GSYM COLLINEAR_3_DOT_MULTIPLES] THEN
  CONJ_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_SUB THEN CONJ_TAC THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_MUL THEN REWRITE_TAC[o_DEF] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_LIFT_DOT2; o_DEF; CONTINUOUS_SUB]);;


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_DIHV_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real^M->real^N g h k x.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      f continuous (at x) /\ g continuous (at x) /\
      h continuous (at x) /\ k continuous (at x)
      ==> (\x. dihV (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous (at x)`,

  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM WITHIN_UNIV] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_DIHV_COMPOSE]);;


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHINREAL_DIHV_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real->real^N g h k x s.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      f continuous (atreal x within s) /\ g continuous (atreal x within s) /\
      h continuous (atreal x within s) /\ k continuous (atreal x within s)
      ==> (\x. dihV (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous
          (atreal x within s)`,


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_ATREAL_DIHV_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real->real^N g h k x.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      f continuous (atreal x) /\ g continuous (atreal x) /\
      h continuous (atreal x) /\ k continuous (atreal x)
      ==> (\x. dihV (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous (atreal x)`,

  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM WITHINREAL_UNIV] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHINREAL_DIHV_COMPOSE]);;


let AFF_GE_2_1_0 = 
prove
 (`!v w. DISJOINT {vec 0, v} {w}
         ==> aff_ge {vec 0, v} {w} = {s % v + t % w |s,t| &0 <= t}`,

  SIMP_TAC[AFF_GE_2_1; VECTOR_MUL_RZERO; VECTOR_ADD_LID] THEN
  REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN
  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[TAUT `p /\ q /\ r <=> q /\ p /\ r`] THEN
  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[MESON[] `(?a b c. P a b c) <=> (?c b a. P a b c)`] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[REAL_ARITH `t + u = &1 <=> t = &1 - u`; UNWIND_THM2] THEN
  SET_TAC[]);;


let AFF_GE_2_1_0_DROPOUT_3 = 
prove
 (`!w z:real^3.
        ~collinear{vec 0,basis 3,z}
        ==> (w IN aff_ge {vec 0,basis 3} {z} <=>
             (dropout 3 w) IN aff_ge {vec 0:real^2} {dropout 3 z})`,

  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  ASM_CASES_TAC `z:real^3 = vec 0` THENL
   [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC]; ALL_TAC] THEN
  ASM_CASES_TAC `z:real^3 = basis 3` THENL
   [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC]; ALL_TAC] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_BASIS_3] THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[AFF_GE_2_1_0; SET_RULE `DISJOINT s {a} <=> ~(a IN s)`;
               IN_INSERT; NOT_IN_EMPTY; AFF_GE_1_1_0] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC(MESON[]
   `(!t. ((?s. P s t) <=> Q t)) ==> ((?s t. P s t) <=> (?t. Q t))`) THEN
  X_GEN_TAC `t:real` THEN EQ_TAC THENL
   [STRIP_TAC THEN
    ASM_REWRITE_TAC[DROPOUT_ADD; DROPOUT_MUL; DROPOUT_BASIS_3] THEN
    VECTOR_ARITH_TAC;
    STRIP_TAC THEN EXISTS_TAC `(w:real^3)$3 - t * (z:real^3)$3` THEN
    FIRST_X_ASSUM(MP_TAC o GEN_REWRITE_RULE I [CART_EQ]) THEN
    ASM_REWRITE_TAC[CART_EQ; FORALL_2; FORALL_3; DIMINDEX_2; DIMINDEX_3] THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_ADD_COMPONENT; VECTOR_MUL_COMPONENT] THEN
    SIMP_TAC[dropout; LAMBDA_BETA; DIMINDEX_2; ARITH; BASIS_COMPONENT;
             DIMINDEX_3] THEN
    CONV_TAC REAL_RING]);;


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_AZIM_SHARP = 
prove
 (`!v w w1 w2.
        ~collinear{v,w,w1} /\ ~collinear{v,w,w2} /\ ~(w2 IN aff_ge {v,w} {w1})
        ==> (azim v w w1) real_continuous at w2`,

  GEOM_ORIGIN_TAC `v:real^3` THEN
  GEOM_BASIS_MULTIPLE_TAC 3 `w:real^3` THEN
  X_GEN_TAC `w:real` THEN ASM_CASES_TAC `w = &0` THENL
   [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_MUL_LZERO; INSERT_AC; COLLINEAR_2]; ALL_TAC] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[REAL_LE_LT; COLLINEAR_SPECIAL_SCALE] THEN
  DISCH_TAC THEN REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT(DISCH_THEN(CONJUNCTS_THEN2 ASSUME_TAC MP_TAC)) THEN
  W(MP_TAC o PART_MATCH (lhs o rand) AFF_GE_SPECIAL_SCALE o
    rand o rand o lhand o goal_concl) THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[FINITE_INSERT; FINITE_EMPTY; IN_SING] THEN ANTS_TAC THENL
   [POP_ASSUM_LIST(MP_TAC o end_itlist CONJ) THEN
    ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM CONTRAPOS_THM] THEN REWRITE_TAC[DE_MORGAN_THM] THEN
    DISCH_THEN(STRIP_ASSUME_TAC o GSYM) THENL
     [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC];
      ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC];
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[COLLINEAR_LEMMA_ALT; BASIS_NONZERO; DIMINDEX_3; ARITH] THEN
      MESON_TAC[]];
    DISCH_THEN SUBST1_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[AZIM_SPECIAL_SCALE; AZIM_ARG] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC(REWRITE_RULE[o_DEF]
    REAL_CONTINUOUS_CONTINUOUS_AT_COMPOSE) THEN
  CONJ_TAC THENL
   [REWRITE_TAC[complex_div] THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_COMPLEX_MUL THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_CONST; ETA_AX] THEN
    SIMP_TAC[LINEAR_CONTINUOUS_AT; LINEAR_DROPOUT; DIMINDEX_3; DIMINDEX_2;
             ARITH];
    ALL_TAC] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_WITHIN THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_ARG THEN
  MP_TAC(ISPECL [`w2:real^3`; `w1:real^3`] AFF_GE_2_1_0_DROPOUT_3) THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[] THEN
  REPEAT(FIRST_X_ASSUM(MP_TAC o
    GEN_REWRITE_RULE RAND_CONV [COLLINEAR_BASIS_3])) THEN
  SPEC_TAC(`(dropout 3:real^3->real^2) w2`,`v2:real^2`) THEN
  SPEC_TAC(`(dropout 3:real^3->real^2) w1`,`v1:real^2`) THEN
  POP_ASSUM_LIST(K ALL_TAC) THEN
  GEOM_BASIS_MULTIPLE_TAC 1 `v1:complex` THEN
  X_GEN_TAC `w:real` THEN ASM_CASES_TAC `w = &0` THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  GEN_REWRITE_TAC LAND_CONV [REAL_LE_LT] THEN ASM_REWRITE_TAC[] THEN
  DISCH_TAC THEN X_GEN_TAC `z:complex` THEN
  DISCH_THEN(K ALL_TAC) THEN DISCH_THEN(K ALL_TAC) THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[CONTRAPOS_THM; COMPLEX_BASIS; COMPLEX_CMUL] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[COMPLEX_MUL_RID; RE_DIV_CX; IM_DIV_CX; real] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[REAL_DIV_EQ_0; REAL_LE_RDIV_EQ; REAL_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  STRIP_TAC THEN
  W(MP_TAC o PART_MATCH (lhs o rand) AFF_GE_1_1_0 o rand o goal_concl) THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COMPLEX_VEC_0; CX_INJ] THEN DISCH_THEN SUBST1_TAC THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN EXISTS_TAC `Re z / w` THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[REAL_LE_DIV; REAL_LT_IMP_LE; COMPLEX_EQ] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[COMPLEX_CMUL; CX_DIV; COMPLEX_DIV_RMUL; CX_INJ] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[RE_CX; IM_CX]);;


(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* Some general lemmas.                                                      *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)


let LINEAR_CONTINUOUS_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!net f:A->real^N g:real^N->real^P.
        f continuous net /\ linear g ==> (\x. g(f x)) continuous net`,

  REWRITE_TAC[continuous; LIM_LINEAR]);;


let CONTINUOUS_LIFT_COMPONENT = 
prove
 (`!net f:A->real^N i. f continuous net ==> (\x. lift(f x$i)) continuous net`,

  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  SUBGOAL_THEN `linear(\x:real^N. lift (x$i))` MP_TAC THENL
   [REWRITE_TAC[LINEAR_LIFT_COMPONENT]; REWRITE_TAC[GSYM IMP_CONJ_ALT]] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[LINEAR_CONTINUOUS_COMPOSE]);;


let CONTINUOUS_CROSS = 
prove
 (`!net:(A)net f g.
        f continuous net /\ g continuous net
        ==> (\x. (f x) cross (g x)) continuous net`,

  REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_COMPONENTWISE_LIFT] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[cross; VECTOR_3; DIMINDEX_3; FORALL_3; LIFT_SUB] THEN
  REPEAT CONJ_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_SUB THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[LIFT_CMUL] THEN CONJ_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_MUL THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[o_DEF; CONTINUOUS_LIFT_COMPONENT]);;


let CONTINUOUS_ON_CROSS = 
prove
 (`!f:real^N->real^3 g s.
        f continuous_on s /\ g continuous_on s
        ==> (\x. (f x) cross (g x)) continuous_on s`,


let CROSS_LSUB = 
prove
 (`!x y z. (x - y) cross z = x cross z - y cross z`,

  VEC3_TAC);;


let CROSS_RSUB = 
prove
 (`!x y z. x cross (y - z) = x cross y - x cross z`,

  VEC3_TAC);;


let CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_CX_VECTOR_ANGLE_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real^M->real^N g x s.
     ~(f x = vec 0) /\ ~(g x = vec 0) /\
     f continuous (at x within s) /\
     g continuous (at x within s)
     ==> (\x. Cx(vector_angle (f x) (g x))) continuous (at x within s)`,

  REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN
  ASM_CASES_TAC `trivial_limit(at (x:real^M) within s)` THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_TRIVIAL_LIMIT; vector_angle] THEN
  SUBGOAL_THEN
   `(cacs o (\x. Cx(((f x:real^N) dot g x) / (norm(f x) * norm(g x)))))
    continuous (at (x:real^M) within s)`
  MP_TAC THENL
   [MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_COMPOSE THEN CONJ_TAC THENL
     [REWRITE_TAC[CX_DIV; CX_MUL] THEN REWRITE_TAC[WITHIN_UNIV] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_COMPLEX_DIV THEN
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[NETLIMIT_WITHIN; COMPLEX_ENTIRE; CX_INJ; NORM_EQ_0] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_CX_LIFT; GSYM CX_MUL; LIFT_CMUL] THEN
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_LIFT_DOT2] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_MUL THEN
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_LIFT_NORM_COMPOSE; o_DEF];
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_SUBSET THEN
      EXISTS_TAC `{z | real z /\ abs(Re z) <= &1}` THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_CACS_REAL] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[SUBSET; FORALL_IN_IMAGE; IN_UNIV; IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[REAL_CX; RE_CX; NORM_CAUCHY_SCHWARZ_DIV]];
    ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN; CX_ACS; o_DEF;
                 NORM_CAUCHY_SCHWARZ_DIV] THEN
    MATCH_MP_TAC(REWRITE_RULE[IMP_CONJ] LIM_TRANSFORM_EVENTUALLY) THEN
    SUBGOAL_THEN
      `eventually (\y. ~((f:real^M->real^N) y = vec 0) /\
                       ~((g:real^M->real^N) y = vec 0))
                  (at x within s)`
    MP_TAC THENL
     [REWRITE_TAC[EVENTUALLY_AND] THEN CONJ_TAC THENL
       [UNDISCH_TAC `(f:real^M->real^N) continuous (at x within s)`;
        UNDISCH_TAC `(g:real^M->real^N) continuous (at x within s)`] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN; tendsto] THENL
       [DISCH_THEN(MP_TAC o SPEC `norm((f:real^M->real^N) x)`);
        DISCH_THEN(MP_TAC o SPEC `norm((g:real^M->real^N) x)`)] THEN
      ASM_REWRITE_TAC[NORM_POS_LT] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC(REWRITE_RULE[IMP_CONJ] EVENTUALLY_MONO) THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[] THEN CONV_TAC NORM_ARITH;
      MATCH_MP_TAC(REWRITE_RULE[IMP_CONJ] EVENTUALLY_MONO) THEN
      SIMP_TAC[CX_ACS; NORM_CAUCHY_SCHWARZ_DIV]]]);;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* Additional lemmas about aff_ge {vec 0,v} {w}.                             *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)


let AFF_GE_2_1_0 = 
prove
 (`!v w. DISJOINT {vec 0, v} {w}
         ==> aff_ge {vec 0, v} {w} = {s % v + t % w |s,t| &0 <= t}`,

  SIMP_TAC[AFF_GE_2_1; VECTOR_MUL_RZERO; VECTOR_ADD_LID] THEN
  REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN
  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[TAUT `p /\ q /\ r <=> q /\ p /\ r`] THEN
  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[MESON[] `(?a b c. P a b c) <=> (?c b a. P a b c)`] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[REAL_ARITH `t + u = &1 <=> t = &1 - u`; UNWIND_THM2] THEN
  SET_TAC[]);;


let AFF_GE_2_1_0_DROPOUT_3 = 
prove
 (`!w z:real^3.
        ~collinear{vec 0,basis 3,z}
        ==> (w IN aff_ge {vec 0,basis 3} {z} <=>
             (dropout 3 w) IN aff_ge {vec 0:real^2} {dropout 3 z})`,

  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  ASM_CASES_TAC `z:real^3 = vec 0` THENL
   [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC]; ALL_TAC] THEN
  ASM_CASES_TAC `z:real^3 = basis 3` THENL
   [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC]; ALL_TAC] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_BASIS_3] THEN DISCH_TAC THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[AFF_GE_2_1_0; SET_RULE `DISJOINT s {a} <=> ~(a IN s)`;
               IN_INSERT; NOT_IN_EMPTY; AFF_GE_1_1_0] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC(MESON[]
   `(!t. ((?s. P s t) <=> Q t)) ==> ((?s t. P s t) <=> (?t. Q t))`) THEN
  X_GEN_TAC `t:real` THEN EQ_TAC THENL
   [STRIP_TAC THEN
    ASM_REWRITE_TAC[DROPOUT_ADD; DROPOUT_MUL; DROPOUT_BASIS_3] THEN
    VECTOR_ARITH_TAC;
    STRIP_TAC THEN EXISTS_TAC `(w:real^3)$3 - t * (z:real^3)$3` THEN
    FIRST_X_ASSUM(MP_TAC o GEN_REWRITE_RULE I [CART_EQ]) THEN
    ASM_REWRITE_TAC[CART_EQ; FORALL_2; FORALL_3; DIMINDEX_2; DIMINDEX_3] THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_ADD_COMPONENT; VECTOR_MUL_COMPONENT] THEN
    SIMP_TAC[dropout; LAMBDA_BETA; DIMINDEX_2; ARITH; BASIS_COMPONENT;
             DIMINDEX_3] THEN
    CONV_TAC REAL_RING]);;


let AFF_GE_2_1_0_SEMIALGEBRAIC = 
prove
 (`!x y z:real^3.
        ~collinear {vec 0,x,y} /\ ~collinear {vec 0,x,z}
        ==> (z IN aff_ge {vec 0,x} {y} <=>
             (x cross y) cross x cross z = vec 0 /\
             &0 <= (x cross z) dot (x cross y))`,

  
let lemma0 = prove
   (`~(y = vec 0) ==> ((?s. x = s % y) <=> y cross x = vec 0)`,
    REWRITE_TAC[CROSS_EQ_0] THEN SIMP_TAC[COLLINEAR_LEMMA_ALT])
  and lemma1 = prove
   (`!x y:real^N.
          ~(y = vec 0)
          ==> ((?t. &0 <= t /\ x = t % y) <=>
               (?t. x = t % y) /\ &0 <= x dot y)`,
    REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN REWRITE_TAC[LEFT_AND_EXISTS_THM] THEN
    AP_TERM_TAC THEN REWRITE_TAC[FUN_EQ_THM] THEN X_GEN_TAC `t:real` THEN
    ASM_CASES_TAC `x:real^N = t % y` THEN
    ASM_SIMP_TAC[DOT_LMUL; REAL_LE_MUL_EQ; DOT_POS_LT]) in
  REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  MAP_EVERY (fun t -> ASM_CASES_TAC t THENL
   [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC]; ALL_TAC])
   [`x:real^3 = vec 0`; `y:real^3 = vec 0`; `y:real^3 = x`] THEN
  STRIP_TAC THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[AFF_GE_2_1_0; IN_ELIM_THM; SET_RULE
    `DISJOINT {a,b} {c} <=> ~(a = c) /\ ~(b = c)`] THEN
  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[SWAP_EXISTS_THM] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[RIGHT_EXISTS_AND_THM; VECTOR_ARITH
    `a:real^N = b + c <=> a - c = b`] THEN
  RULE_ASSUM_TAC(REWRITE_RULE[GSYM CROSS_EQ_0]) THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[lemma0; lemma1; CROSS_RMUL; CROSS_RSUB; VECTOR_SUB_EQ]);;


let AZIM_IN_UPPER_HALFSPACE = 
prove
 (`!v w x y. azim v w x y <= pi <=>  
             &0 <= ((w - v) cross (x - v)) dot (y - v)`,

  GEOM_ORIGIN_TAC `v:real^3` THEN REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_SUB_RZERO] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[GSYM Local_lemmas.SIN_AZIM_POS_PI_LT;          
              Polar_fan.SIN_AZIM_MUTUAL_CROSS]);;
      

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* Single-variable continuity for azim with slightly sharper hypothesis.     *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_AZIM_SHARP = 
prove
 (`!v w w1 w2.
        ~collinear{v,w,w1} /\ ~(w2 IN aff_ge {v,w} {w1})
        ==> (\w2. azim v w w1 w2) real_continuous at w2`,

  GEOM_ORIGIN_TAC `v:real^3` THEN
  GEOM_BASIS_MULTIPLE_TAC 3 `w:real^3` THEN
  X_GEN_TAC `w:real` THEN ASM_CASES_TAC `w = &0` THENL
   [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_MUL_LZERO; INSERT_AC; COLLINEAR_2]; ALL_TAC] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[REAL_LE_LT; COLLINEAR_SPECIAL_SCALE] THEN
  DISCH_TAC THEN REPEAT GEN_TAC THEN
  REPEAT(DISCH_THEN(CONJUNCTS_THEN2 ASSUME_TAC MP_TAC)) THEN
  W(MP_TAC o PART_MATCH (lhs o rand) AFF_GE_SPECIAL_SCALE o
    rand o rand o lhand o goal_concl) THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[FINITE_INSERT; FINITE_EMPTY; IN_SING] THEN ANTS_TAC THENL
   [POP_ASSUM_LIST(MP_TAC o end_itlist CONJ) THEN
    ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM CONTRAPOS_THM] THEN REWRITE_TAC[DE_MORGAN_THM] THEN
    DISCH_THEN(STRIP_ASSUME_TAC o GSYM) THENL
     [ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC];
      ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COLLINEAR_2; INSERT_AC];
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[COLLINEAR_LEMMA_ALT; BASIS_NONZERO; DIMINDEX_3; ARITH] THEN
      MESON_TAC[]];
    DISCH_THEN SUBST1_TAC THEN DISCH_TAC] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[AZIM_SPECIAL_SCALE; AZIM_ARG] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC(REWRITE_RULE[o_DEF]
    REAL_CONTINUOUS_CONTINUOUS_AT_COMPOSE) THEN
  CONJ_TAC THENL
   [REWRITE_TAC[complex_div] THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_COMPLEX_MUL THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_CONST; ETA_AX] THEN
    SIMP_TAC[LINEAR_CONTINUOUS_AT; LINEAR_DROPOUT; DIMINDEX_3; DIMINDEX_2;
             ARITH];
    ALL_TAC] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_WITHIN THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_ARG THEN
  MP_TAC(ISPECL [`w2:real^3`; `w1:real^3`] AFF_GE_2_1_0_DROPOUT_3) THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[] THEN
  REPEAT(FIRST_X_ASSUM(MP_TAC o
    GEN_REWRITE_RULE RAND_CONV [COLLINEAR_BASIS_3])) THEN
  SPEC_TAC(`(dropout 3:real^3->real^2) w2`,`v2:real^2`) THEN
  SPEC_TAC(`(dropout 3:real^3->real^2) w1`,`v1:real^2`) THEN
  POP_ASSUM_LIST(K ALL_TAC) THEN
  GEOM_BASIS_MULTIPLE_TAC 1 `v1:complex` THEN
  X_GEN_TAC `w:real` THEN ASM_CASES_TAC `w = &0` THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  GEN_REWRITE_TAC LAND_CONV [REAL_LE_LT] THEN ASM_REWRITE_TAC[] THEN
  DISCH_TAC THEN X_GEN_TAC `z:complex` THEN
  DISCH_THEN(K ALL_TAC) THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[CONTRAPOS_THM; COMPLEX_BASIS; COMPLEX_CMUL] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[COMPLEX_MUL_RID; RE_DIV_CX; IM_DIV_CX; real] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[REAL_DIV_EQ_0; REAL_LE_RDIV_EQ; REAL_MUL_LZERO] THEN
  STRIP_TAC THEN
  W(MP_TAC o PART_MATCH (lhs o rand) AFF_GE_1_1_0 o rand o goal_concl) THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[COMPLEX_VEC_0; CX_INJ] THEN DISCH_THEN SUBST1_TAC THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[IN_ELIM_THM] THEN EXISTS_TAC `Re z / w` THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[REAL_LE_DIV; REAL_LT_IMP_LE; COMPLEX_EQ] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[COMPLEX_CMUL; CX_DIV; COMPLEX_DIV_RMUL; CX_INJ] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[RE_CX; IM_CX]);;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* General continuity of dihV composed with other functions.                 *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_DIHV_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real^M->real^N g h k x s.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      f continuous (at x within s) /\ g continuous (at x within s) /\
      h continuous (at x within s) /\ k continuous (at x within s)
      ==> (\x. dihV (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous (at x within s)`,

  REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN REWRITE_TAC[dihV] THEN
  CONV_TAC(TOP_DEPTH_CONV let_CONV) THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[ARCV_ANGLE; angle; REAL_CONTINUOUS_CONTINUOUS; o_DEF] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_SUB_RZERO] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_CX_VECTOR_ANGLE_COMPOSE THEN
  ASM_REWRITE_TAC[VECTOR_SUB_EQ; GSYM COLLINEAR_3_DOT_MULTIPLES] THEN
  CONJ_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_SUB THEN CONJ_TAC THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_MUL THEN REWRITE_TAC[o_DEF] THEN
  ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_LIFT_DOT2; o_DEF; CONTINUOUS_SUB]);;


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_DIHV_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real^M->real^N g h k x.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      f continuous (at x) /\ g continuous (at x) /\
      h continuous (at x) /\ k continuous (at x)
      ==> (\x. dihV (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous (at x)`,

  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM WITHIN_UNIV] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_DIHV_COMPOSE]);;


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHINREAL_DIHV_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real->real^N g h k x s.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      f continuous (atreal x within s) /\ g continuous (atreal x within s) /\
      h continuous (atreal x within s) /\ k continuous (atreal x within s)
      ==> (\x. dihV (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous
          (atreal x within s)`,


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_ATREAL_DIHV_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real->real^N g h k x.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      f continuous (atreal x) /\ g continuous (atreal x) /\
      h continuous (atreal x) /\ k continuous (atreal x)
      ==> (\x. dihV (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous (atreal x)`,

  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM WITHINREAL_UNIV] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHINREAL_DIHV_COMPOSE]);;

(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)
(* General continuity of azim composed with other functions.                 *)
(* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- *)


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_AZIM_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real^M->real^3 g h k x s.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      ~(k x IN aff_ge {f x,g x} {h x}) /\
      f continuous (at x within s) /\ g continuous (at x within s) /\
      h continuous (at x within s) /\ k continuous (at x within s)
      ==> (\x. azim (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous (at x within s)`,

  
let lemma = prove
   (`!s t u f:real^M->real^N g h.
          (closed s /\ closed t) /\ s UNION t = UNIV /\
          (g continuous_on (u INTER s) /\ h continuous_on (u INTER t)) /\
          (!x. x IN u INTER s ==> g x = f x) /\
          (!x. x IN u INTER t ==> h x = f x)
          ==> f continuous_on u`,
    REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN
    SUBGOAL_THEN `u:real^M->bool = (u INTER s) UNION (u INTER t)`
    SUBST1_TAC THENL [ASM SET_TAC[]; ALL_TAC] THEN
    MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_ON_UNION_LOCAL THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[CLOSED_IN_CLOSED] THEN REPEAT CONJ_TAC THENL
     [EXISTS_TAC `s:real^M->bool` THEN ASM SET_TAC[];
      EXISTS_TAC `t:real^M->bool` THEN ASM SET_TAC[];
      ASM_MESON_TAC[CONTINUOUS_ON_EQ];
      ASM_MESON_TAC[CONTINUOUS_ON_EQ]]) in
  REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN REWRITE_TAC[REAL_CONTINUOUS_CONTINUOUS; o_DEF] THEN
  SUBGOAL_THEN
   `(\x:real^M. Cx(azim (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x))) =
    (\z. Cx(azim (vec 0) (fstcart z)
                 (fstcart(sndcart z)) (sndcart(sndcart z)))) o
    (\x. pastecart (g x - f x) (pastecart (h x - f x) (k x - f x)))`
  SUBST1_TAC THENL
   [REWRITE_TAC[FUN_EQ_THM; o_THM; FSTCART_PASTECART; SNDCART_PASTECART] THEN
    X_GEN_TAC `y:real^M` THEN
    SUBST1_TAC(VECTOR_ARITH `vec 0 = (f:real^M->real^3) y - f y`) THEN
    SIMP_TAC[ONCE_REWRITE_RULE[VECTOR_ADD_SYM] AZIM_TRANSLATION; VECTOR_SUB];
    MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_COMPOSE THEN
    ASM_SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_PASTECART; CONTINUOUS_SUB]] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_AT_WITHIN THEN
  SUBGOAL_THEN
   `!z. ~collinear {vec 0,fstcart z,fstcart(sndcart z)} /\
        ~collinear {vec 0,fstcart z,sndcart(sndcart z)} /\
        ~(sndcart(sndcart z) IN aff_ge {vec 0,fstcart z} {fstcart(sndcart z)})
        ==> (\z. Cx(azim (vec 0) (fstcart z) (fstcart(sndcart z))
                                             (sndcart(sndcart z))))
            continuous (at z)`
  MATCH_MP_TAC THENL
   [ALL_TAC;
    ASM_SIMP_TAC[FSTCART_PASTECART; SNDCART_PASTECART; GSYM COLLINEAR_3] THEN
    REPEAT(CONJ_TAC THENL [ASM_MESON_TAC[INSERT_AC]; ALL_TAC]) THEN
    SUBST1_TAC(VECTOR_ARITH `vec 0 = (f:real^M->real^3) x - f x`) THEN
    ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[SET_RULE `{a,b} = {a} UNION {b}`] THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[GSYM IMAGE_UNION; SET_RULE
     `{a - b:real^3} = IMAGE (\x. x - b) {a}`] THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[ONCE_REWRITE_RULE[VECTOR_ADD_SYM] AFF_GE_TRANSLATION;
                VECTOR_SUB] THEN
    ASM_REWRITE_TAC[IN_IMAGE; VECTOR_ARITH `a + x:real^3 = b + x <=> a = b`;
                    UNWIND_THM1; SET_RULE `{a} UNION {b} = {a,b}`]] THEN
  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[SET_RULE
   `(!x. ~P x /\ ~Q x /\ ~R x ==> J x) <=>
    (!x. x IN UNIV DIFF (({x | P x} UNION {x | Q x}) UNION {x | R x})
         ==> J x)`] THEN
  MATCH_MP_TAC(MESON[CONTINUOUS_ON_EQ_CONTINUOUS_AT]
   `open s /\ f continuous_on s ==> !z. z IN s ==> f continuous at z`) THEN
  CONJ_TAC THENL
   [REWRITE_TAC[GSYM closed] THEN
    MATCH_MP_TAC(MESON[]
     `!t'. s UNION t = s UNION t' /\ closed(s UNION t')
           ==> closed(s UNION t)`) THEN
    EXISTS_TAC
      `{z | (fstcart z cross fstcart(sndcart z)) cross
             fstcart z cross sndcart(sndcart z) = vec 0 /\
            &0 <= (fstcart z cross sndcart(sndcart z)) dot
                  (fstcart z cross fstcart(sndcart z))}` THEN
    CONJ_TAC THENL
     [MATCH_MP_TAC(SET_RULE
       `(!x. ~(x IN s) ==> (x IN t <=> x IN t'))
        ==> s UNION t = s UNION t'`) THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[AFF_GE_2_1_0_SEMIALGEBRAIC; IN_UNION; IN_ELIM_THM;
                  DE_MORGAN_THM];
      ALL_TAC] THEN
    MATCH_MP_TAC CLOSED_UNION THEN CONJ_TAC THENL
     [MATCH_MP_TAC CLOSED_UNION THEN CONJ_TAC THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[GSYM DOT_CAUCHY_SCHWARZ_EQUAL] THEN
      ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM REAL_SUB_0] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[GSYM LIFT_EQ; LIFT_NUM] THEN
      SIMP_TAC[SET_RULE `{x | f x = a} = {x | x IN UNIV /\ f x IN {a}}`] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_CLOSED_PREIMAGE THEN
      SIMP_TAC[CLOSED_UNIV; CLOSED_SING; LIFT_SUB; REAL_POW_2; LIFT_CMUL] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_ON_SUB THEN
      CONJ_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_ON_MUL THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[o_DEF] THEN REPEAT CONJ_TAC THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_ON_LIFT_DOT2 THEN CONJ_TAC;
      ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[MESON[LIFT_DROP; real_ge]
       `&0 <= x <=> drop(lift x) >= &0`] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[SET_RULE
       `{z | f z = vec 0 /\ drop(g z) >= &0} =
        {z | z IN UNIV /\ f z IN {vec 0}} INTER
        {z | z IN UNIV /\ g z IN {k | drop(k) >= &0}}`] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC CLOSED_INTER THEN
      CONJ_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_CLOSED_PREIMAGE THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[CLOSED_SING; drop; CLOSED_UNIV;
                  CLOSED_HALFSPACE_COMPONENT_GE] THEN
      REPEAT((MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_ON_CROSS ORELSE
              MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_ON_LIFT_DOT2) THEN CONJ_TAC)] THEN
    TRY(GEN_REWRITE_TAC LAND_CONV [GSYM o_DEF]) THEN
    SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_ON_COMPOSE; LINEAR_CONTINUOUS_ON;
             LINEAR_FSTCART; LINEAR_SNDCART];
    MATCH_MP_TAC lemma THEN
    MAP_EVERY EXISTS_TAC
     [`{z | z IN UNIV /\ lift((fstcart z cross (fstcart(sndcart z))) dot
                              (sndcart(sndcart z))) IN {x | x$1 >= &0}}`;
      `{z | z IN UNIV /\ lift((fstcart z cross (fstcart(sndcart z))) dot
                              (sndcart(sndcart z))) IN {x | x$1 <= &0}}`;
      `\z. Cx(dihV (vec 0:real^3) (fstcart z)
                   (fstcart(sndcart z)) (sndcart(sndcart z)))`;
      `\z. Cx(&2 * pi - dihV (vec 0:real^3) (fstcart z)
                             (fstcart(sndcart z)) (sndcart(sndcart z)))`] THEN
    CONJ_TAC THENL
     [CONJ_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_CLOSED_PREIMAGE THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[CLOSED_UNIV; CLOSED_HALFSPACE_COMPONENT_GE;
                  CLOSED_HALFSPACE_COMPONENT_LE] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_ON_LIFT_DOT2 THEN
      (CONJ_TAC THENL [MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_ON_CROSS; ALL_TAC]) THEN
      ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM o_DEF] THEN
      SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_ON_COMPOSE; LINEAR_CONTINUOUS_ON;
               LINEAR_FSTCART; LINEAR_SNDCART];
      ALL_TAC] THEN
    CONJ_TAC THENL
     [REWRITE_TAC[EXTENSION; IN_UNION; IN_UNIV; IN_ELIM_THM] THEN
      REAL_ARITH_TAC;
      ALL_TAC] THEN
    CONJ_TAC THENL
     [CONJ_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_AT_IMP_CONTINUOUS_ON THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[FORALL_PASTECART; IN_DIFF; IN_UNIV; IN_UNION; IN_INTER;
        FSTCART_PASTECART; SNDCART_PASTECART; IN_ELIM_THM; DE_MORGAN_THM] THEN
      MAP_EVERY X_GEN_TAC [`x:real^3`; `y:real^3`; `z:real^3`] THEN
      REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN REWRITE_TAC[CX_SUB] THEN
      TRY(MATCH_MP_TAC CONTINUOUS_SUB THEN REWRITE_TAC[CONTINUOUS_CONST]) THEN
      GEN_REWRITE_TAC LAND_CONV [GSYM o_DEF] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[GSYM REAL_CONTINUOUS_CONTINUOUS] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_DIHV_COMPOSE THEN
      ASM_REWRITE_TAC[FSTCART_PASTECART; SNDCART_PASTECART;
                      CONTINUOUS_CONST] THEN
      ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM o_DEF] THEN
      SIMP_TAC[CONTINUOUS_AT_COMPOSE; LINEAR_CONTINUOUS_AT;
               LINEAR_FSTCART; LINEAR_SNDCART];
      ALL_TAC] THEN
    REWRITE_TAC[FORALL_PASTECART; IN_DIFF; IN_UNIV; IN_UNION; IN_INTER; CX_INJ;
        FSTCART_PASTECART; SNDCART_PASTECART; IN_ELIM_THM; DE_MORGAN_THM] THEN
    CONJ_TAC THENL
     [REWRITE_TAC[GSYM drop; LIFT_DROP; real_ge] THEN
      MAP_EVERY X_GEN_TAC [`x:real^3`; `y:real^3`; `z:real^3`] THEN
      REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC(GSYM AZIM_DIHV_SAME_STRONG) THEN
      ASM_REWRITE_TAC[AZIM_IN_UPPER_HALFSPACE; VECTOR_SUB_RZERO];
      REWRITE_TAC[GSYM drop; LIFT_DROP] THEN
      MAP_EVERY X_GEN_TAC [`x:real^3`; `y:real^3`; `z:real^3`] THEN
      REPEAT STRIP_TAC THEN MATCH_MP_TAC(GSYM AZIM_DIHV_COMPL) THEN
      ASM_REWRITE_TAC[] THEN
      MATCH_MP_TAC(REAL_ARITH
       `(x <= pi ==> x = pi) ==> pi <= x`) THEN
      ASM_REWRITE_TAC[AZIM_IN_UPPER_HALFSPACE; VECTOR_SUB_RZERO] THEN
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[REAL_ARITH `x <= &0 ==> (&0 <= x <=> x = &0)`] THEN
      REWRITE_TAC[Local_lemmas.CROSS_DOT_COPLANAR] THEN
      ASM_SIMP_TAC[GSYM AZIM_EQ_0_PI_EQ_COPLANAR; AZIM_EQ_0_GE_ALT]]]);;


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_AT_AZIM_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real^M->real^3 g h k x.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      ~(k x IN aff_ge {f x,g x} {h x}) /\
      f continuous (at x) /\ g continuous (at x) /\
      h continuous (at x) /\ k continuous (at x)
      ==> (\x. azim (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous (at x)`,

  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM WITHIN_UNIV] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHIN_AZIM_COMPOSE]);;


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHINREAL_AZIM_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real->real^3 g h k x s.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      ~(k x IN aff_ge {f x,g x} {h x}) /\
      f continuous (atreal x within s) /\ g continuous (atreal x within s) /\
      h continuous (atreal x within s) /\ k continuous (atreal x within s)
      ==> (\x. azim (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous
          (atreal x within s)`,


let REAL_CONTINUOUS_ATREAL_AZIM_COMPOSE = 
prove
 (`!f:real->real^3 g h k x.
      ~collinear {f x,g x,h x} /\ ~collinear {f x,g x,k x} /\
      ~(k x IN aff_ge {f x,g x} {h x}) /\
      f continuous (atreal x) /\ g continuous (atreal x) /\
      h continuous (atreal x) /\ k continuous (atreal x)
      ==> (\x. azim (f x) (g x) (h x) (k x)) real_continuous (atreal x)`,

  ONCE_REWRITE_TAC[GSYM WITHINREAL_UNIV] THEN
  REWRITE_TAC[REAL_CONTINUOUS_WITHINREAL_AZIM_COMPOSE]);;




end;;